88 Jean Allman, Phantoms of the Archive: Kwame Nkrumah, a Nazi Pilot named Hanna, and the Contingencies of Postcolonial History Writing, American Historical Review 118, no. 1 (2006): 324; Cabeiri deBergh Robinson, Too Much Nationality: Kashmiri Refugees, the South Asian Refugee Regime, and a Refugee State, 19471974, Journal of Refugee Studies 25, no. This can be something as fundamental as the language in which the records were written. STEPPING UP Refugee Education in Crisis ; After finishing top of her class in primary school, Hina was not able to get a place in secondary school for the simple reason that out of 500 available places, only one could be allocated to a refugee. Vietnamese families sponsored by a Catholic mission, Camp Pendleton, CA 1975. 82 Julia C. Morris, From Phosphate to Refugees: The Offshore Refugee Boom in the Republic of Nauru (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, forthcoming). The global dimension of resettlement comes to the fore in histories focused on the experience of refugees moved between Europe, North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Emma Meyer addresses the evacuation in 1942 of tens of thousands of people of Indian descent from Japanese-occupied Burma to the South Indian district of Visakhapatnam people who were not able to return at the wars end. 2 (2015): 20017; Ashika L. Singh, et al., Displacement & Domesticity since 1945: Refugees, Migrants and Expats Making Homes, following the EAHNs Sixth Thematic Conference (Brussels, 2728 March 2019), Architectural Histories 8, no. 2 (2016): 30121; Ilana Feldman, The Challenge of Categories: UNRWA and the Definition of a Palestine Refugee, Journal of Refugee Studies 25, no. 1 (2020): 56892; Loring M. Danforth and Riki van Boeschoten, Children of the Greek Civil War: Refugees and the Politics of Memory (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2011). October 1950. Klaus Richter, Fragmentation in East Central Europe: Poland and the Baltics, 19151929 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020). A New York Times bestseller! From April to October 1980, around 125,000 Cubans entered the U.S. The remainder of the article offers new approaches and perspectives that provide a framework in which refugeedom might enable a conversation between refugee history and global history. Under a Presidential Directive dated December 22, 1945, President Truman authorized the expedited admission of displaced persons and refugees within the framework of existing immigration law. The strict quotas later contributed to the difficulties many Jews and other minorities faced as they sought refuge in the U.S. from persecution overseas before and during World War II and the Holocaust. *United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. Indeed, the IRO embraced ideas of global development: it enlisted numerous non-governmental organizations to match DPs with employment opportunities in parts of the world in need of labour across various sectors, including sites with ongoing projects of post-war reconstruction. Photo provided by UniRef. Political imperatives involving refugees emerged in spheres other than categorization. Lauren has held positions at SOAS, Royal Holloway, University of Manchester and Yale University. However, refugees in his analysis responded largely passively to the circumstances they faced; hence, Stein emphasized the need for external guidance towards refugees.Footnote 15, Other more historically-informed research was closely connected with debates on refugee policy.Footnote 16 This produced voluminous accounts of institutions that intervened on behalf of refugees while keeping refugees firmly in the background.Footnote 17 Perhaps because of this early scholarly angle, historians of migration, including Oscar Handlin, were sometimes consulted by policymakers who dealt with refugee issues.Footnote 18 With the rise of refugee studies in the 1980s as a field of research, this connection between government policy and academia did little to encourage historians.Footnote 19 Methodologically, the literature in refugee studies has opened up a rich vein for historians to exploit by problematizing formal legal and administrative definitions and approaches, while recognizing that dominant legal categories and manifestations of the refugee regime are products of the nation state order.Footnote 20 Yet, even recent interdisciplinary scholarship has discussed historical case studies or the development of legal categorizations in terms of what may prove to be of use in a present-day context.Footnote 21 Historians are occasionally wont to apply the same lessons learned approach to phenomenon: a recent study of relief and resettlement projects for displaced Russian and Soviet Jews explicitly invites contemporary policymakers to consider agricultural development initiatives as a means to empower refugees. Refugeedom takes proper account of the states and other actors that defined the refugee as a category and sought to manage refugees as figures of concern, but it also insists upon the need to consider refugees as an active and assertive historical presence in situations of crisis and constraint. 72 Sam Dolbee, The Desert at the End of Empire: An Environmental History of the Armenian Genocide, Past & Present 247, no. Southeast Asian States and the Indochinese Refugee Crisis, 197579, Global Change, Peace and Security 18, no. File size: 217.47 KB File type: pdf. The U.S. signed the 1967 Protocol on Nov. 1, 1968. However, as archivist Paul Dudman writes regarding the University of East Londons Refugee Council Archive, the challenges include deciding whose voices are represented, and issues of trust in the process of collecting testimonies.Footnote 87 A separate issue relates to silence in archived oral testimony: individual refugees might repress memories of displacement. In its Decision published on 13 July 2023, the EDPS finds that the use of Cisco Webex videoconferencing and related services by the Court of Justice of the European Union (the Court) meets the data protection standards under Regulation 2018/1725 applicable to EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies. Refugees show tremendous resilience, and their backgrounds are diverse. United Nations. Under this program, Cubans already in the U.S. could apply to have relatives brought into the country. You are authorized and directed to publish this. S. Jackson and A. OMalley (London: Routledge, 2018), 90110. There were stories of crime and of children running amok an indication of the anxieties that officials here and elsewhere felt about their prospects and the implications for rehabilitation more broadly. 3 (2014): 23147; Gatrell, The Making of the Modern Refugee, 291. On destruction, see David Anderson, Guilty Secrets: Deceit, Denial, and the Discovery of Kenyas Migrated Archive, History Workshop Journal 80, no. Surprisingly, very little scholarly work was written about "Jewish refugees" during the 1 930s, even as thousands desperately sought asylum worldwide. 4 Panikos Panayi and Pippa Virdee, eds., Refugees and the End of Empire: Imperial Collapse and Forced Migration in the Twentieth Century (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Jessica Reinisch and Elizabeth White, eds., The Disentanglement of Populations: Migration, Expulsion and Displacement in Postwar Europe, 194449 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); Anna Holian and G. Daniel Cohen, Introduction: The Refugee in the Post-War World, Journal of Refugee Studies 25, no. This emerges most overtly during the aftermath of two world wars, the global manifestations of the Cold War and the era of decolonization, all of them associated with mass displacement and with debates around assistance and solutions. BERLIN, July 12 (Reuters) - Of the more than 1 million Ukrainian refugees who came to Germany to escape the war, 44% would like to stay in the country, according to a survey published on Wednesday. 43 Aristide R. Zolberg, The Roots of American Refugee Policy, Social Research 55, no. 2 (2014): 17690; Lynda Mannik, Photography, Memory, and Refugee Identity: The Voyage of the SS Walnut, 1948 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2013). Refugees, Migrants, and Those Who Stayed Behind, eds. Shortly after the war, the newly created UNHCR sponsored Jacques Vernant, The Refugee in the Post-War World (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953). *USCIS History Office and Library. Lauren Banko is a historian of the modern Middle East. With the threat of concentration camps looming, he and his family board a ship bound for the other side of the world . Map of the Azores Islands. Several scholars have analysed how the governments of the new states of India and Pakistan devised measures to rehabilitate refugees, to create new administrative bodies to address property issues and ultimately to mould refugees into new citizens.Footnote 53 Refugeedom highlights the assertive role of refugees in these processes. A new study of the Australian context provides a compelling illustration of the multiple manifestations of business, namely the faded business of mineral resource extraction on the Pacific island of Nauru and the intense new business involved in extracting value from confining and containing refugees on Nauru as part of the Australian governments refugee processing procedures.Footnote 82. In 1977, the INS created a special Office of Refugee and Parole to address global refugee crises and implement refugee policies. On April 20, 1980, the Castro regime announced that all Cubans wishing to go to the U.S. were free to board boats at the Port of Mariel. Whether these accounts shaped the field of refugee history more broadly is less clear.Footnote 24, This is not to discount the landmark publications of scholars from other disciplines whose work has been important to later generations of historians. Under the Act, conditional entrants were granted a temporary immigration status which could be adjusted to permanent resident status after two years. 61 Benjamin Thomas White, Humans and Animals in a Refugee Camp: Baquba, Iraq, 191820, Journal of Refugee Studies 32, no. Refugees might write their history as a chronicle of personal suffering and loss, or as the expression of their capacity to overcome adversity and to make a contribution, for example, to the host society or to the diaspora. "coreDisableEcommerceForArticlePurchase": false, Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). It traces how a historical focus on refugeedom can reframe the role of refugees in constituting other aspects of the modern state. More people became refugees than many nations could or would accept into their populations. *State Library & Archives of Florida. The 1965 Amendments to the INA included provisions that allowed these refugees to adjust to lawful permanent resident status. During her doctoral and postdoctoral research at the University of Manchester, she focused on Displaced Persons in the early Cold War period from a global perspective. Notable exceptions exist, including work by Rosemary Sayigh on female refugees in Lebanons Palestinian camps.Footnote 94 In many instances, however, male refugees assumed positions of relative power in their communities; media and academic publications foregrounded these male voices and narratives, that is, if they considered refugee voices at all.
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