what did therapsids evolve fromwhat did therapsids evolve from

Did Early Mammals Turn to Night Life to Protect Their Sperm. In the Mesozoic Era (about 252 million to 66 million years ago), the most important of the synapsids were the archosaurs, or ruling reptiles, and the therapsids were, in general, small active carnivores. Being called a "bird brain" may be closer to Leave it to Lisa Simpson to ruin one of the Jurassic Park was 65-million years in the making. Judging by the numerous fossil remains of Lystrosaurus that have been discovered as far afield as India, South Africa and even Antarctica, this mammal-like reptile of the late Permian period was impressively widespread for its time. Mammals have a specific skull type called a Synapsid. 75) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa and Argentina probably had a coat of fur, and later forms almost certainly did. 5 characteristics of Permian period. It was a small, but sturdily built carnivore. Uppsala University. How are mammals distinct from other animals. Also compared to these groups, the feet were more symmetrical, with the first and last toes short and the middle toes long, an indication that the foot's axis was placed parallel to that of the animal, not sprawling out sideways. Small size; narrow snout; quadrupedal posture. Therapsid legs were positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than were the sprawling legs of reptiles and pelycosaurs. There's also the chance that Tiarajudens used its teeth to keep the larger, carnivorous therapsids of the late Permian period at bay. This reptile was named after the Gorgon, the monster from Greek myth who could turn men into stone with a single gaze from her penetrating eyes. Cynodonts continued to flourish and evolved into a new group: the Eucynodonts (true Cynodonts). Unlock the secrets of evolution in this mind-blowing video! At least three groups of them survived. Large Pelycosaurs were the first to control their temperature. Therapsids tended to evolve a specialized heterodont dentition (that is, a set of teeth separated into molars, incisors, and canines) and to improve the mechanics of locomotion by bringing the plane of action of the limbs close to the trunk. Thrinaxodon (Fig. The group survived the boundary crisis but became virtually extinct by the end of the Triassic, possibly because of competition from more-efficient predators, such as the thecodonts. A notable therapsid side branch was that of the herbivorous dicynodonts (two-tuskers), in which upper canines were retained but the other teeth were replaced by a horny bill. The increased preponderance of the fully terrestrial therapsid herbivores amongst them indicates that for the first time the terrestrial ecosystem had evolved a primarily dry land rather than freshwater trophic base, and that the rise of the therapsids was an integral part of this fundamentally important development, much as proposed by Olson . Ornithicians, Suarichians pangea was beginning to form 4 types of skulls anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid The initial split was into synapsids and sauropsids. Such a pattern of evolution is termed mosaic and is a common phenomenon in those transitions marking the origin of major new adaptive types. Closely related to them, was another advanced therapsid suborder, Therocephalia. Hair is by any means present in the docodontCastorocaudaand haramiyidanMegaconus, and whiskers are inferred from therocephalians and cynodonts. Pelycosaurs waddled on their spaced out legs, had reptilian skin and they laid eggs. Therapsids were the stock that gave rise to mammals. Late Triassic (220-215 million years ago), Squat body with quadrupedal posture; beak on snout; two small tusks. While its bulky body points to a herbivorous diet, some paleontologists believe Ulemosaurus (and other large therapsids) may have been opportunistically omnivorous, basically eating anything it could hope to digest. Therapsids were "mammal-like" reptiles and are ancestors to the mammals, including humans, found today. Because the characteristics that separate reptiles and mammals evolved at different rates and in response to a variety of interrelated conditions, at any point in the period of transition from reptiles to mammals, there were forms that combined various characteristics of both groups. President Joe Biden's support for Ukraine has evolved in key ways to give Ukraine ever more deadly firepower for its defense, but he remains opposed to fast-tracking what some allies say is the . Because so little is known about Phthinosuchus, it lies on the fringes of therapsid classification, a situation that may change as more fossil specimens come to light. Pelycosaurs shared almost complete similarity with reptiles, except for one thing. Inostrancevia (after Russian geologist Alexander Inostrantsev); pronounced EE-noh-stran-SAY-vee-ah. As far as paleontologists can tell, Titanosuchus tilted decisively toward the reptile end of the "mammal-like reptile" spectrum, almost certainly having smooth, reptilian skin and lacking the presumed warm-blooded metabolism of later, furry therapsids. By the mid-Triassic, there were many synapsid species that looked like mammals.The lineage leading to today's mammals split up in the Jurassic; synapsids from this period include Dryolestes, more closely related to . Tiarajudens (Greek for "Tiaraju teeth"); pronounced tee-AH-rah-HOO-dens. For the first time, researchers in the research programme Evolution and Development at Uppsala University in collaboration with researchers at the Polish Academy of Sciences (Warsaw), have discovered fossils from a new species of dicynodont in the Polish village of Lisowice. This plant-eating therapsid was equipped with grinding teeth in its jaws a distinctly mammalian trait and its young were born without the ability to chew, which presumably necessitated a high level of postnatal parental care. Sports Safety: Liquid Cushioning Technology, Genes for Learning: 650 Million Years Old, Stellar Cradles and Graves in Faraway Galaxy, Building a Better Tree With CRISPR Gene Editing. Temporal fenestrae are post-orbital openings in the skull that allow muscles to expand and lengthen. The limbs and limb girdles were modified for four-footed locomotion. Completing the resemblance to modern tabbies, it's possible that the therapsid sported whiskers as well (and for all we know, orange and black stripes). The synapsid order Therapsida (Sect. The earliest Pelycosaurs, Archaeothyris and Clepsydrops, were first classified as Synapsids due to the small hole behind the eye in their skull. Therapsids, also known as mammal-like reptiles, evolved during the middle Permian period and went on to live alongside the earliest dinosaurs. Like Dimetrodon, Edaphosaurus, and Platyhystrix, an early crocodile called Arizonasaurus evolved a sail to control the heat. The therapsids, members of the subclass Synapsida (sometimes called the mammal-like reptiles), generally were unimpressive in relation to other reptiles of their time. ", Meet the Mammal-Like Reptiles of the Paleozoic Era. They were the dominant reptiles of the Permian Period (299 million to 252 million years ago), and, although they were primarily predaceous in habit, the adaptive radiation included herbivorous species as well. Cynodonts occupied a variety of ecologies, including as carnivores and herbivores. Arctops (Greek for "bear face"); pronounced ARK-tops, Moderate size; long legs; crocodile-like snout, Some of the therapsids, or "mammal-like reptiles," of the Permian period were very mammal-like indeed. Dinopedia is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Therapsids diversified greatly in the Triassic when they dominated the terrestrial vertebrate forms of the world; but only one suborder, Cynodonti a, persisted into the Lower Jurassic. Dinocephalia comprises two distinctive groups, the Anteosauria and Tapinocephalia. 76c) from England was a representative of the tritylodonts, the only group to persist into the Jurassic. To simplify definitions and to allow the strict delimitation of the Mammalia, some authors have suggested basing the boundary on a single characteristic, the articulation of the jaw between the dentary and squamosal bones and the attendant movement of accessory jawbones to the middle ear as auditory ossicles. These were eventually wiped out by the Permian-Triassic Extinction. In addition to the six major groups, there are several other lineages and species of uncertain classification. Dicynodon was one of the most common therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) of the late Permian period; its fossils have been unearthed all over the southern hemisphere, including Africa, India and even Antarctica, prompting its waggish description as the Permian equivalent of a rabbit. therapsid, any member of a major order (Therapsida) of reptiles of Permian and Triassic time (from 299 million to 200 million years ago). Its dentition, too, was significantly different from that of other cynodonts. All we know about Tetraceratops is based on a single skull found in Texas in 1908, which paleontologists continue to study as they puzzle out the evolutionary relationships among the earliest non-dinosaur reptiles. Dicynodon ("two dog toothed") was a relatively plain-vanilla prehistoric reptile that has given its name to an entire family of therapsids, the dicynodonts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This dog-sized reptile had slender legs, a large head, and sharp canines and incisors that indicate a carnivorous lifestyle; as with all therapsids, it's possible that Biarmosuchus was also blessed with a warm-blooded metabolism and a doglike coat of fur, though we may never know for sure. This bull-sized creature was distinguished by its extremely thick skull, a sign that males may have head-butted one another for dominance within the herd. Its members ranged in size from small insectivores to large carnivores and, in the Early Triassic, some therocephalians such as Bauria, from South Africa, became successful herbivores (Benton 2004). Lycaenops (Greek for "wolf face"); pronounced LIE-can-ops, Small size; fanged jaws; quadrupedal posture. Massetognathus (Fig. With their appearance, the primary production of vegetable matter could, at last, have been harvested directly. The dicynodonts had large abdomens which would have housed capacious gastrointestinal systems - as might be expected in animals that consumed large quantities of vegetable material, to be retained in the alimentary canal for quite a long time. On the following slides, you'll find pictures and detailed profiles of over three dozen therapsid reptiles, ranging from Anteosaurus to Ulemosaurus. The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the late Carboniferous period. Titanophoneus (Greek for "titanic murderer"); pronounced tie-TAN-oh-PHONE-ee-us, Long tail and head; short, sprawling legs. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. The skull, as in mammals, had a single opening in the temporal region, bounded below by a bony arch. What we do know is that Gorgonops was one of the largest predators of its day, attaining a respectable lengths of about 10 feet and weights of 500 to 1,000 pounds (not much to brag about compared to later dinosaurs, but fearsome enough for the late Permian period). Scientists know a fair amount about the evolution of feathers in dinosaurs and birds. Therapsids evolved first in the temperate zones of the world and were especially successful in what are now the . This suggests that they did not digest their food as quickly as would have been the case if they had been tachymetabolic like the later therap-sids. This orientation would have given a more mammal-like gait than the lizard-like gait of the pelycosaurs. https://www.thoughtco.com/therapsid-mammal-like-reptile-4043336 (accessed July 17, 2023). Jurassic Parks Biggest Unanswered Question Could Have Set Up the Sequels, Berthasaura leopoldinae: New Ceratosaur Species Unearthed in Brazil, 8 Easter Eggs Only True Fans Caught In Jurassic World Evolution 2. The early amniotes diverged into two main lines soon after the first amniotes arose. Raranimus (Greek for "rare spirit"); pronounced rah-RAN-ih-muss, Small size; quadrupedal posture; canines in upper jaw. Therapsids evolved from pelycosaurs (specifically sphenacodonts) 275 million years ago. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/therapsid-mammal-like-reptile-4043336. As early as the preceding Carboniferous Period (from 359 million to 299 million years ago), there appeared a distinct evolutionary line, beginning with the archaic mammal ancestors, order Pelycosauria, and leading toward mammals. Did milk and fur evolve before the earliest mammals? The most controversial thing about Jonkeria is what it ate paleontologists can't decide if this Permian creature hunted the large, slow-moving pelycosaurs and archosaurs of its day, subsisted on plants, or perhaps enjoyed an omnivorous diet. Coprolites containing what appear to be hairs have been found from the Permian. [7], The evolution of integument in therapsids is poorly known, and there are few fossils that provide direct evidence for the presence or absence of fur. Therocephalians only survived into the early Triassic, while Dicynodonts and Cynodonts continued to thrive. The dicynodonts, now represented by a single group of large stocky herbivores, the Kannemeyeriiformes, and the medium-sized cynodonts (including both carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide throughout the Early and Middle Triassic. The therapsids include the cynodonts, the group that gave rise to mammals (Mammaliaformes) in the Late Triassic, around 225 million years ago. . In Carboniferous times, the continents were coming together to form a more-or-less continuous land mass. The Karoo Basin in South Africa has proven to be a rich source of some of the world's strangest prehistoric animals: the therapsids, or "mammal-like reptiles." Cynognathus possessed many "modern" features normally associated with mammals (which evolved tens of millions of years later). Strauss, Bob. Synapsids have a single hole behind the eye (called the temporal fenestrae) which provides attachment for jaw muscles. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Anteosaurus looked remarkably like a dinosaur caught halfway between evolving into a crocodile: this huge therapsid (a member of the family of mammal-like reptiles that preceded the dinosaurs) had a streamlined, crocodilian body with a huge snout, and its puny-looking limbs lead paleontologists to believe that it spent most of its life in water. They were thought to have died out before the dinosaurs became the dominant form of tetrapod on land. Despite its name, which means "crowned crocodile," Estemmenosuchus was actually a therapsid, the family of reptiles ancestral to the earliest mammals. The surviving therapsids were relatively small animals including therapsids called cynodonts (Figure below). Trirachodon represents one of the more spectacular fossil finds of recent years: a highway excavation crew near Johannesburg, in South Africa, uncovered a complete burrow containing 20 more-or-less complete Trirachodon specimens, ranging from juveniles to adults. They disappear from the fossil record across much of Pangea at the end of the Carnian (Late Triassic), although they continued for some time longer in the wet equatorial band and the south. Uppsala University. Therapsids temporal fenestrae were larger than those of the pelycosaurs. a term that clearly refers to a paraphyletic assemblage given that therapsids evolved from somewhere among . 76a) from South Africa and Antarctica and Massetognathus (Fig. Source: www.NatGeo.com, www.wikipedia.org. P rimitive therapsids possessed a combination primitive and derived features. During this time, the first dinosaurs came into being as well as ancestors to crocodiles, mammals, pterosaurs, turtles, frogs, and lizards. a better knowledge of therapsids . Dicynodonts were originally small beaked mammals that grew into larger forms by the end of the Triassic (, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Compare the skulls and temporal fenestrae of anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids. Platyhystrix was an amphibian from Texas, which also evolved a sail for temperature control. The interesting thing about Keratocephalus is that it's represented in the fossil record by a variety of differently shaped skulls some long-snouted, some short-snouted which may be a sign of sexual differentiation or (alternately) a hint that its genus was comprised of several different species. Like all land animals, the therapsids were seriously affected by the PermianTriassic extinction event, with the very successful gorgonopsians and the biarmosuchians dying out altogether and the remaining groupsdicynodonts, therocephalians, and cynodontsreduced to a handful of species each by the earliest Triassic. Oligokyphus had evolved a fully upright four-legged posture - the only therapsid not to have sprawling forelimbs. 4) Pangaea almost assembled. As therapsids, or mammal-like reptiles, go, Titanophoneus has been a bit oversold by paleontologists. In the aftermath of the PermianTriassic extinction event, therapsids declined in relative importance to the rapidly diversifying reptiles during the Middle Triassic. Anteosaurus (Greek for "early lizard"); pronounced ANN-tee-oh-SORE-us, Large size; long, crocodile-like tail; weak limbs. Many attributes of mammals are correlated with their highly active habitfor example, efficient double circulation with a completely four-chambered heart, anucleate and biconcave erythrocytes, the diaphragm, and the secondary palate (which separates passages for food and air and allows breathing during mastication or suckling). Like other dicynodonts, Placerias was rendered extinct by the wave of better-adapted dinosaurs that appeared during the late Triassic period. It also raises far more questions about what really make them and dinosaurs so large," says Dr Tomasz Sulej, Polish Academy of Sciences. This Permian creature had very mammal-like teeth, but its other anatomical features (such as its stiff spine) were decidedly reptilian. synapsids,mammals,evolution,stem-mammals synapsids,mammals,evolution,stem-mammals . [4] In contrast, evidence from histology suggests that endothermy is shared across Therapsida,[5] whereas estimates of blood flow rate and lifespan in the mammaliaform Morganucodon suggest that even early mammaliaforms had reptile-like metabolic rates. The extremely mammal-like family, Tritylodontidae, survived into the Early Cretaceous. Research on facial nerves and gene mutations show that milk and fur may have evolved before the earliest mammals A mouse with sensitive. After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Middle Permian (Guadalupian) but the anomodont dicynodonts as well as the theriodont gorgonopsians and therocephalians flourished, being joined at the very end of the Permian by the first of the cynodonts. Most biarmosuchians were previously classified as gorgonopsians. Pictures and Profiles of Therapsids. "Dicynodonts were amazingly successful animals in the Middle and Late Triassic. As they evolved, they grew into larger forms. The most notable feature of this slender, inoffensive plant-eater was its skull, which had a horny beak and lacked any teeth save for two large canines protruding from the upper jaw (hence its name). And in case you were wondering, it wasn't even close to being horse-sized, only weighing about 100 pounds. Exaeretodon (Greek derivation uncertain); pronounced EX-eye-RET-oh-don, Swamps of South America and southern Asia. The discovery of Lisowicia provides the first evidence that mammal-like elephant sized dicynodonts were present at the same time as the more well-known long-necked sauropodomorph dinosaurs, contrary to previous belief. Pristerognathus (Greek derivation uncertain); pronounced PRISS-teh-ROG-nah-thuss, Slender build; quadrupedal posture; large tusks in upper jaw. Bob Strauss is a science writer and the author of several books, including "The Big Book of What, How and Why" and "A Field Guide to the Dinosaurs of North America. Delve into the depths of the Carboniferous period, where synapsids first emerged with their unique single skull opening, the temporal fenestra. Dicynodonts were among the most successful groups of therapsids during the Late Permian, and survived through to near the end of the Triassic. The earliest Pelycosaurs. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. They survived the Permian mass extinction and became the dominant terrestrial herbivores in the Middle and Late Triassic. Since then, more than 1,000 bones and bone fragments have been collected from the area, including fossils from Lisowicia. Therapsids evolved from "pelycosaurs", specifically within the Sphenacodontia, more than 279.5 million years ago. If you happened across an adult Theriognathus 250 million years ago, during the late Permian period, you might be forgiven for mistaking it for a modern-day hyena or weasel there's a good chance that this therapsid (mammal-like reptile) was covered with fur, and it certainly had the sleek profile of a mammalian predator. Lisowicia is hugely exciting because it blows holes in many of our classic ideas of Triassic 'mammal-like reptiles'," says Dr Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki, Uppsala University. 3) Gymnosperms. (Palmer 1999). It's even conceivable that Theriognathus possessed a warm-blooded metabolism, though it's possible to take the mammalian analogies too far: for example, this ancient creature retained a distinctly reptilian jaw. Therapsids first appear in the Permian Period, during which they flourished and evolved into a number of mammal forms. Historically, carnivorous dinocephalians, including both anteosaurs and titanosuchids, were called titanosuchians and classified as members of Theriodontia, while the herbivorous Tapinocephalidae were classified as members of Anomodontia. November 23, 2018 Source: Uppsala University Summary: During the Triassic period (252-201 million years ago) mammal-like reptiles called therapsids co-existed with ancestors to dinosaurs,. These very early forms like Repenomamus were completely covered in fur and walked with their legs under them, instead of beside them. Join us as we explore the captivating world of. As the Pelycosaurs lived into the Triassic, the sails continued to disappear. Paleontologists believe that Thrinaxodon may have been covered in fur, and also may have had a moist, cat-like nose. Pelycosaurs had managed to control their temperature. How To Prepare For A Disaster Or Emergency. At first, the therapsids looked a lot like Dimetrodon. 50 cm), b Massetognathus (Cynodontia; Middle Triassic; length ca. They all appeared in the Late Triassic period. Dicynodonts were originally small beaked mammals that grew into larger forms by the end of the Triassic (Placerias and Lystrosaurus), but they died out at the end of the Triassic. Arctognathus (Greek for "bear jaw"); pronounced ark-TOG-nath-us. There were no canines and the front incisors were greatly en-, Fig. One of the more mammalian of the therapsids, or "mammal-like reptiles," Lycaenops resembled a scaled-down wolf, with a slender build, narrow, fanged jaws and (probably) fur. Strauss, Bob. Therapsida is a group of synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors. Did we really evolve from these ancient reptiles? Sauropodomorphs include species like the Diplodocus or Brachiosaurus. Sinokannemeyeria ("Kannemeyer's Chinese reptile"); pronounced SIGH-no-CAN-eh-my-AIR-ee-ah, Horny beak; short legs; barrel-shaped body. Keratocephalus (Greek for "horned head"); pronounced KEH-rat-oh-SEFF-ah-luss, Middle Permian (265-260 million years ago), Stocky build; blunt snout; short horn on nose. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/11/181123134400.htm (accessed July 16, 2023). 76a) was much more mammal-like than its earlier relations. Essentially, this mammal-like reptile looked like a scaled-down jaguar, with its unusually elongated head, coat of insulating fur and (presumably) warm-blooded metabolism. It evidently tore up roots, stripped leaves from the vegetation with its horny break and ground them up with its toothless jaws (Palmer 1999). Kannemeyeria ("Kannemeyer's lizard"); pronounced CAN-eh-my-AIR-ee-ah, Woodlands of Africa, Asia, South America and India, Early Triassic (245-240 million years ago), Large head; squat trunk; quadrupedal posture with splayed legs. As is the case with many large therapsids of the Permian period, it's unclear if Deuterosaurus was a herbivore or a carnivore; some experts think it may have been omnivorous, a bit like a modern grizzly bear. Perhaps most remarkably, females of the species gave birth to only one or two young at a time, as evidenced by fossil specimens discovered by the famous South American paleontologist Jose F. Bonaparte. The cynodonts first appeared at the end of the Permian Period, and they flourished worldwide throughout the first half of the Triassic . Origin of Mammals The origin of mammals dates back to the Triassic Period which was about 252 million to 201 million years ago. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Based on its anatomy, paleontologists believe Procynosuchus was an accomplished swimmer, diving into the lakes and rivers of its southern African habitat to nab small fish. Today, Chiniquodon is the generally accepted name for what had previously been classified as three separate therapsid genera: Chiniquodon, Belosodon and Probelosodon. The earliest fossil attributed to Therapsida isTetraceratops insignisfrom theLower Permian. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. According to present thinking, mammals evolved from an extinct group of 'mammal-like' reptiles called the therapsids, and therapsids from a family of pelycosaurs called the sphenacodonts. All mammals have molar, canine, and incisor teeth. True or False: The Triassic Period was named after three distinct fossils that define the period (Therapsids, Rugose corals, and Ichthyosaurs) and whose initials spell "tri", meaning three. Materials provided by Uppsala University. They are characterised by a long and narrow skull, as well as elongated upper and sometimes lower canine teeth and incisors which were likely used as slashing and stabbing weapons. They replaced the pelycosaurs as the dominant large land animals in the Middle Permian and were replaced, in turn, by the archosauromorphs in the, The therapsids included the cynodonts, the group that gave rise to mammals in the Late Triassic around 225 million years ago. Synapsids were present in the Carboniferous Period (about 359 million to 299 million years ago) and are one of the earliest known reptilian groups. Lystrosaurus was one of the forms on which Alfred Wegener in 1912 based his evidence in favour of continental drift (Sect. The Pelycosaurs were extinct, but they had evolved into new forms: Cynodonts (like Procynosuchus), Dicynodonts (like Diictodon), and Therocephalians (like Theriognathus). Synapsids have a single hole behind the eye (called the temporal fenestrae) which provides attachment for jaw muscles. As with other large therapsids, experts aren't quite sure what Estemmnosuchus ate; the safest bet is that it was an opportunistic omnivore. [9][10] Though the source of these hairs is not known with certainty, they may suggest that hair was present in at least some Permian therapsids. It is now believed to have browsed on more resistant plants and might even have been a burrower. Some paleontologists believe Styracocephalus spent part of its time in the water (like a modern hippopotamus), but as yet there's no firm evidence to support this conclusion. Finally, these findings from Poland are the first substantial finds of dicynodonts from the Late Triassic in Europe. A number of therapsid groups evolved. "Pictures and Profiles of Therapsids." Thrinaxodon was evidently quite speedy, thanks to its erect posture and strong hind legs. 5) Largest mass extinction of Phanerozoic era at end of Permian period. "Diagnosed" in 2009 on the basis of a single, partial skull, Raranimus may prove to be the earliest therapsid (mammal-like reptile) yet discovered and since therapsids were directly ancestral to the first mammals, this tiny beast may inhabit a place near the root of the human evolutionary tree. Sinokannemeyeria may yet wind up being assigned as a species of its marginally more pronounceable cousin, Kannemeyeria. By the Middle Triassic, however, only the eucynodonts remained.

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