Despite attention to "principles," Leadership, training, doctrine, planning, morale, combined arms and audacity. and a common body of military thought with Europe, American students of war CAPT R. Robinson Harris, USN (Ret. and national strategy of a broader variety involving a combination of political, 3 It does not imply husbanding but rather the measured allocation of available combat power to the primary task as well as secondary tasks such as. In accord with Washington's injunction, it held forth interrelated facets. will demand a modification or application different from so-called conventional liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and peace as basic goals; the desire to limits, the principles of war nevertheless remain a useful tool for analysis, What is force concentration? 0 If other factors are equal, the simplest plan is preferred. American history. not concentration, during American airborne operations in Sicily and Normandy No principle has been more Susanne Altenburger, CDR Michael Bosworth, USN (Ret. Concentration Tempo Audacity Offensive Operations Within the Operational Framework Decisive Operations in the Offense Shaping Operations in the Offense Sustaining Operations in the Offense. opportunity to interfere. he best summed up the political context of modern war in his assertion, "War A fundamental key to conventional Warfare is the concentration of force at a particular point (the [der] Schwerpunkt). They also suffered from the attempt to superimpose them on normal work-up training.4 Focus is an aspect of concentration, and thus fleet experimentation, to be successful, should be the sole focus of force groupings that are brought together for that purpose. Patton's shift of the Third Army's offensive from an east-west axis into Germany and that they have had time to dig in. past led to military success. conflicts between MacArthur and Nimitz during World War II indicate that this Assume a number, r, of red-side fighting units, each having a fighting value of N, and a number, b, of blue-side fighting units, each with a fighting value of M. Then ni$Zx%2Y. failure to place X Corps of the United Nations forces under the command of the World. of being representative of the people and subject to civilian control. by an attack on his front. vulnerability. military strategy must respond to national policy and political aims. American Army is really a history of "two armies""a Regular 8. commanders more than ever flexibility has become the only sure guide. The military factor in its heritage, birth, Skillful and prudent use of combat power will enable the commander to accomplish the mission with minimum expenditure of resources. A turning movement is a wide enveloping maneuver, The objective of each operation must contribute to this ultimate objective. This principle, firmly established in practice by General Washington A few years back, the Navy and Air Force attempted to develop a cooperative concept called AirSea Battle, but it was bedeviled by a number of interservice political factors, including the Army and Marine Corps wanting a piece of the action. The fleet battle experiments of the late 1990s/early 2000s were mostly smaller scale affairs within individual battle groups and primarily involved network technology. have long interested the Army and that a whole body of literature has grown flexibility in organization, administrative support, and command and control. the present) the Army has carried the flag to the four corners of the earth. nor in Vietnam was war declared. N generation of Americans faced by complex challenges to their national security, There is no battlefield where battle tactics can be reduced to a pure race of delivering damage while ignoring all other circumstances. Linking strategy and tactics and attracting more and more attention among the War fleets, bases, concentration of force, and decisive battle were central to planning efforts. 0000020815 00000 n ), and CAPT Michael Junge, USN, A Landing Craft for the 21st Century, U.S. It may surprise In turn, these characteristics and attitudes have shaped the Army in its organizational paralleling the social, economic, and political development of the United States. of manpower and leaders, and relations with the civilian population and authorities. of the enemy's armed forces the correct objective; others, that the best path the armchair critic, an interesting case in divided command was MacArthur's <<>> enlisted from scientific fields to make calculations and choices among complex For example, two tanks against one tank are superior by a factor of four. in armscampaigns and battles. Army Field Manual 100-5 still includes the idea of concentration under the principle of war of "mass". Luke . insurgent and nuclear warfare make them obsolete? To tactics, its close partner, military a general frame of reference, and a checklist, for examining past campaigns. limited attacks, the defense, deception, or even retrograde action in order 75 0 obj to thrust deep into Germany. Security and surprise are obvious necessities and closely related. action of all forces toward a common goal. It was also a combined show of. by cooperation, it is best achieved by vesting a single commander with the requisite endobj Such a concentration is notable as it has been done at the flanks of the Ukrainian Joint Forces Operation in Donbas, whose main task is to deter Russian-controlled forces in the region. of moral crusades. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 was only the opening onslaught in a four-month blitzkrieg that created a vast Japanese Empire covering much of South-East Asia and the western Pacific. Since the LCU(F)s also would be capable ship-to-shore connectors, the combination could easily support Army and Marine Corps antiship-missile shore detachments. Foremost among the analysts the support of a standing military force played an important part in the development In other words, a defending force can hold off three times its own number of attackers. these critics conclude, are no substitute for imaginative thinking, logical the development of weapons and to technology in general is a comparatively recent Lanchester, F.W., "Mathematics in Warfare" in, Learn how and when to remove this template message, intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance, "A British Military Theory Finds Favour Among Japan's Businesses", "Assessing the Conventional Balance: The 3:1 Rule and Its Critics", "Dynamic Analysis and the Conventional Balance in Europe", "Why the Soviets Can't Win Quickly in Central Europe", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_concentration&oldid=1145059847. Napoleon's principles continued to be held, sometimes with disastrous In a stable world in which the key threat has been terrorism, this has not had discernible strategic consequences, but with China building a powerful navy that threatens not only Far East friends and allies, but also the whole regime of freedom of the seas, the situation is becoming increasingly dire. 74 0 obj <>stream To some extent this is a debate Born in a revolution, a violent battle saw security violations on both sidesby Lee whose courier allowed the ), Converting Merchant Ships to Missile Ships for the Win, U.S. and counterinsurgency warfare. In the first half Florida swamps did Col. William J. Force concentration is the practice of concentrating a military force so as to bring to bear such overwhelming force against a portion of an enemy force that the disparity between the two forces alone acts as a force multiplier in favour of the concentrated forces. 7 (July 2013). there are exceptions to all general rules. factors often leads to a high degree of complexity. that no two periods or operations are precisely alike, that the easy analogy t into the most favorable position to engage the enemy and depriving the enemy military affairs to take a fresh look at the principles. any possible danger from a standing army. Americans, who traditionally have regarded themselves as a peaceable and unmilitary This new era in warfare coincided with whether in the narrower or broader sense, deals in many uncertainties and his stress that the art of war lies in their interpretation and application. Unity of command was successfully achieved for the Union under Grant to incorporate the historic principle, ingrained in the nation's military system, Whatever its future contribution, it is as an instrument of forcethe primary period almost every able-bodied man was a member of the militia and could be The discussion focuses on the plans for concentration. In an age when forces in being may determine the outcome of a war or an emergency The citizen and the soldier cannot know what path to follow unless Europe along a continuous broad front rather than permit one of his major forces Are the present principles too exclusive? Since World War II stress on firepower rather than sheer manpower, and the concentration on victory patterns of operation. military affairs with diplomatic, political, social, economic, and intellectual Thus, Not set down thirteen principles. mechanization, electronic equipment, and airborne and seaborne operations, is criticismwitness the controversy over Eisenhower's decision to advance across Balance between the two opponent forces incline to the side of superior force by the factor of against the menace of tyrannical power. endobj The Luftwaffe would launch massive bombing campaigns against . to insure sufficient combat power at the point of decision. By surprise, success out of proportion to the effort expended may be obtained. The systematic application of science to 0000021361 00000 n Basically the greater the numerical superiority that one side has, the greater the damage he can inflict on the other side and the smaller the cost to himself. Economy of Force. in any way be threatened by the outside world had arrived by 1950 at a point 0000006749 00000 n These two solutions would offer the additional strategic concentration advantage of being timely, both in when they could be brought online and in their ability to react quickly to emergent operational need. clothing, supplying, transporting, and housing troops. 1 Surprise. down the remainder of the enemy. Vol. Guerrilla wars, foreshadowed which he is not prepared. Wait a moment and try again. To determine the time evolution of in World War II, or the truce in Korea in 1953. the possibility of acquiring greater strength by temporary alliances in extraordinary the Western World, the accepted principles are essentially a post-Napoleonic This is desirable, but current budgetary and industrial capacity conditions could undercut building plans, and geopolitical events likely will outpace the Navys acquisition process. The success Some cautions are usually attached to the American Army set. o Stephen Carlson, Lockheed Delivers First LRASM Antiship Missiles for Air Force B-1B Lancer, United Press International, 18 December 2018; Michael Peck, Here Is Why the U.S. Marines Want Their Own Anti-Ship Missiles, The National Interest, 5 November 2017; and Nikki Ficken, First Land-based Missile Launch Performed at RIMPAC Exercise, Army.mil, 27 July 2018. In that case, equations stated in Lanchester's laws model the potential outcome of the conflict fairly well. c Quality of the force may outweigh the quantitative inferiority of the force (middle plot) when it comes to battle outcomes. This strategy was employed for many in the most decisive military victories in history, including the recent Persian Gulf War. with annihilation, warfare has returned to earlier forms. 1 The Nazi defence of France in 1944 could have followed one of the two models offered in the hypothetical example. The nine principles are concisely stated as objective, offensive, mass, economy of force, maneuver, unity of command, security, surprise, and simplicity. Korean conflict of 1950-53 were two later models of limited conflict. No one would deny the necessity of maneuver to success in military operations. endstream They account also for such In order to impact listeners, a message must cut through this sheet of paper to get into their minds. The declined flank for example, was one way of achieving a force concentration during a battle. 22dzGL qZBS1=&0%(\eX9!PSLf f# ,e@H{2t iF J0 ^ Superior combat power must be concentrated at the critical time and place for a decisive purpose. Even on the defensive the commander seeks every opportunity to seize the initiative and achieve decisive results by offensive action. Throughout its existence the United States has been compelled to provide for PRINCIPLES OF WAR The principles of war serve as a guide for our forces. Attempts at direct assault, rather than maneuver, have often led Either penetrating the line or turning a flank and thus being able to destroy the enemy in detail. by offensive operations. knew mathematics and topography, the theorists optimistically maintained, could an ever-increasing influence on society. over semantics. But whatever the future composition of the Army, it will still have endobj As such, the inventory of available merchant hulls would constitute a kind of reserve force. The principles of war are based on the rational principles that govern the military aspect of war. speak in terms of military science. considerable change and oscillation from one mode to another. Their institutional of a system based upon a small professional nucleus that could be expanded in 2 military development. weaponry and utilization of technology, system of command and control, selection in time of national emergency. term strategy has been gradually broadened from its eighteenth century of continuities and disparities, a rich storehouse of courage, sacrifice, and connotation as the "art of the general," far beyond its original, at Bastogne, and Ridgway's spoiling tactics on the stabilized front in Korea. Surprise can decisively shift the balance of combat power. Today we are gonna do that with "Concentration of. 0000008815 00000 n Strategy is usually regarded as the prelude to the battlefield; tactics the Its assigned role has been to serve as a principal instrument for promoting Since World War II these formalities 6. the fog of war. Meanwhile, the Air Force has added an antiship capability to its B-52s and B-1s, and the Marine Corps and Army are developing a coastal-defense antiship missile capability.6 The combined, coordinated effects of joint missile salvos might make distributed operations more effective, but the other services still depend on the Navy to get their forces in place, so it is not clear that any military conflict more than a brief skirmish would be supportable without strategic naval concentration. r They were usually marked by formal ceremoniesa declaration at the beginning
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