Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve, Sucumbos, Ecuador [Click for map], Notes: Soc. Cordyceps, also known as Chinese caterpillar fungus or "Dong Chong Xia Cao" in Chinese, is a unique blade-shaped fungus growing on caterpillars, and is a highly valued tonic herb claimed to treat a wide range of disorders, including respiratory, renal, liver and cardiovascular diseases, low libido and impotence, and hyperlipidaemia.An allergic reaction has been reported to be associated . Interestingly, some compounds present in C. nidus are related to active compounds involved in neuronal systems, such as L-acetylcarnitine [4344], aminocaproic acid [4952], pregabalin [61], amobarbital [62], and rivastigmine [63]. Cordyceps caloceroides (Gender: Feminine) was scientifically described by M.J. Berkeley & M.A. We proposed Cordyceps nidus sp. The unique MycoBank number can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the MycoBank number contained in this publication to the prefix http://www.mycobank.org/MB/. MeSH A Cordyceps currently classified with Cordyceps caloceroides, a spider parasite. We also investigated the medicinal potential of this fungus based on its biochemical properties when grown on four different culture media. PCR reaction mixture and PCR program were carried out as previously described [24]. Nevertheless, the mass intensity values of uridine compared with the other four markers were too low to consider it as a quality marker for this species (Fig 6E). Derivatization and analyses of metabolites was performed by a GC-MS 7890A (Agilent, Santa Clara, USA) [37].]. Cordyceps sensu lato is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi, which have been used traditionally as medicinal in Asia. A) A long stromata emerging from a big Theraphosidae spider (picture taken by Carlos Padilla on Yasuni Scientific Research Station, EC). For methanol fractions, the first and second principal components (PC 1 and PC 2) explained 27.45% and 22.5% of the variation, respectively. C) Asci stained with cotton blue dye showing the curved filiform ascospores Scale . nov. (Cordycipitaceae): A new source of active compounds. 2,400 m, Nov 1 2003, N. Erazo 003, QCNE 186235. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 2.4M subscribers in the natureismetal community. This Cordyceps specimen is only about 5 mm tall. A phylogenetically-based nomenclature for Cordycipitaceae (Hypocreales). Subsequently, a Bayesian Inference analysis was conducted with MrBayes 3.2.6 and the evolutionary model and the partitions were specified as done for the RAxML analysis [33]. Subsequently, a small piece of tissue from a stroma was submerged and stored in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer (1.4 M NaCl; 100 mM TriseHCl pH 8.0; 20 mM EDTA pH 8.0; 2% CTAB w/v) for posterior DNA extraction [18]. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Cordyceps are thought to increase the body's production of the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is essential for delivering energy to the muscles. B) Cross section of perithecia stained with Fucsin lactic acid showing the broad ostioles HUA 186166. Known distribution: tropical rainforest in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba and Ecuador. No antimicrobial activity was present for the water or n-hexane fractions and neither of the extract fractions studied was able to inhibit growth of molds, yeasts, or gram-negative bacteria. Is the Subject Area "Nucleosides" applicable to this article? Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia, Affiliation The LC separation was performed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with a ZIC-HILIC 3.5 m, 200 A column (Merck Sequant, Ume Sweden), operated by an Agilent 1290 UPLC system (Agilent, Santa Clara, USA). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae, moderately branched. Inocula for molds were prepared as described before [3839]. Dead specimens were frozen at -20C, lyophilized, ground, and finally added into the medium in a proportion of 20 g L-1. Nucleosides can be differentially induced by intrinsic or environmental factors, such as the developmental stage of the fungus, light exposure and wavelength, the composition of the culture media, among other factors [78], [1215]. A phylogenetically-based nomenclature for Cordycipitaceae (Hypocreales) Authors: Ryan M Kepler United States Department of Agriculture Janet Jennifer Luangsa-Ard National Center for Genetic. In the case of adenosine, inosine, and guanosine, higher concentrations were found in the methanol extracts obtained from mycelia grown on BR than on the other culture media tested. The metabolic composition and biochemical activity indicate potential use of C. nidus in pharmaceutical applications. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click 2.500 m. 17 Feb 2015 T. Sanjuan 1163 Paratype: ANDES-F 1080, 3 Dic 2015, T. Sanjuan 1202, ANDES-F 1247. It was collected in April 2002 by Bryce Kendrick. This species is phylogenetically related to Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps pruinosa, and a sibling species of Cordyceps caloceroides. Selenium complexes can promote the activity of several enzymes involved in cordycepin synthesis [60]. Error bars correspond to the standard deviation obtained from eight independent replicates. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species", Mystery parasites on zombie ant fungus identified by scientists, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ophiocordyceps&oldid=1148121210, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 4 April 2023, at 06:05. 2018-01-01. Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH provides support in the form of salaries for authors NS and ST but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. In the water fractions, PC 1 and PC 2 explained 34.2% and 28.4% of the variation, respectively. We thank Joao Araujo and Aida Vasco for making collections available for this study. National Library of Medicine sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Oh J, Yoon DH, Shrestha B, Choi HK, Sung GH. Water and n-hexane fractions presented a strong matrix effect, which is related to high concentration of metabolites, this leads to a lower detection rate of them. Fig 7. Several of these metabolites corresponded to peptides, vitamins, organic acids and sugars (S3 Table), among which some were recognized some of them as potential bioactive compounds. 150 m, average temperature of 28C, and an average relative humidity of 95%). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.g002. Citation: Chiriv J, Danies G, Sierra R, Schauer N, Trenkamp S, Restrepo S, et al. Life. Furthermore, better results for antioxidant production have been obtained by inducing the formation of fruiting bodies [78, 13]. A) methanol, B) water, and C) n-hexane fractions. Tarapaca, El Zafire Reserve, 40'21'' S, 6953'55'' W, elev. (E) Asci. Colonies on SDAY slow-growing, reaching 20.035.0 mm in diameter in 10 days at 25C, pale orange (N00A50M50), tomentose; reverse deep orange (N00A99M80), margin entire, red pigments produced on culture media. Each run was examined with Tracer 1.5 to verify burn-in parameters and convergence of individual chains [34]. 1.44 1014. Unraveling the Secrets of a Double-Life Fungus by Genomics: Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal Five Novel Species in the Genus, Untargeted Global Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Tripropylamine-Enhanced Lycopene Accumulation in. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428, http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/, http://mushroomobserver.org/139860?q=1Xxc, http://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=cordyceps+caloceroides, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190420/, https://www.dovepress.com/safety-and-efficacy-of-telbivudine-for-the-treatment-of-chronic-hepati-peer-reviewed-article-TCRM. TL11464 was placed close to O. caloceroides sharing the same ancestor. A) methanol, B) water, and C) n-hexane extracts. nov. (Cordycipitaceae): A new source of active compounds Juan Chiriv , Giovanna Danies, Rocio Sierra, Nicolas Schauer, Sandra Trenkamp, Silvia Restrepo , Tatiana Sanjuan 2005;99(4):728-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02682.x. e0179428. A) Stromata emerging from a nest of trapdoor spider from the family Idiopidae ANDES-F 1080 B) Inside of the nest with the red stromata on the lid HUA 186125. It is found in tropical rainforests from Bolivia, Brazil . The medicinal properties of Cordyceps s.l. have been mainly attributed to nucleosides, glycosylamines involved in the regulation and modulation of several biological processes and their derivatives [1011]. Its fruiting bodies have pushed open a spider's egg sac. An exponential increase of TPC is shown for each group of samples on SDAY, SDAY-SS, and TA through time (R2 > 0.99). Water fractions obtained from all culture media treatments resulted in a total of 3744 compounds, from which 17.17% of metabolites were non-dependent on the substrate. Venn diagrams and principal component analyses (PCAs) were used to visualize distinct segregations between metabolites from the 12 groups studied. H) Synnemata Isolated on brown rice showed strong red pigments after 30 days. An ANOVA test was performed to confirm differences among mass intensities. To assess the antimicrobial properties of the metabolites produced by the fungal strain ANDES-F 1080, nine gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Kocuria rosea, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus), five gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella paratyphi B, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), three molds (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus fumigatus), and three yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida parasilopsis, and Candida kruseii) (S2 Table) were included in our study. Once again this confirms that the morphological characters in Cordyceps s.l. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.t001. Additionally, we clarified the phylogenetic position of Ophiocordyceps caloceroides, which was firstly placed in the genus Ophiocordyceps by Petch in 1933, based on the morphology of its ascospores [42]. The small pieces of fresh tissue immersed in CTAB buffer were ground with sterile plastic pestles followed by the DNA extraction method described previously [23]. Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH, Postdam-Golm, Germany, * E-mail: [email protected] (TS); [email protected] (SR), Affiliations The tarantula integument medium was prepared from adult Theraphosidae spiders, which were deeply sedated in an ethyl acetate chamber prior to the euthanization as is suggested by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee [36]. The pigmentation on all cultures intensify through time, but pigments on BR intensify less and were pale orange (N00A50M50) almost all the time. The final tree was edited in FigTree v1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/) and Adobe Illustrator CS5 (Adobe Systems Inc., CA, USA). Bookshelf This species of fungi is parasitic on tarantulas. The site is secure. Specimens examined: COLOMBIA, Amazonas, La Chorrera, San Francisco Uitoto community, GPS: 126'58''S, 7247'38''W, elev. Before The metabolome showed a high and significant dependency on the substrate used for fungal growth. A Maximum Likelihood analysis was first conducted using RAxML-VI-HPC v 2.0 as part of the CIPRES gateway [31]. Statistical analyses were done using the software JMP Genomics 5.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, 19892007). A website to record observations about mushrooms, help people identify unfamiliar mushrooms, and expand the community around the scientific exploration of mushrooms (mycology). Yes However, its supply is rapidly decreasing mainly due to its over-exploitation [4]. A) A long stromata emerging from a big Theraphosidae spider (picture taken by Carlos Padilla on Yasuni Scientific Research Station, EC). Cordyceps caloceroides. Furthermore, the metabolome of C. nidus has a very diverse composition which is dependent on the substrate where the fungus is grown. The mass intensities observed for the other substrate treatments showed to be similar among them. When taken as a supplement, cordyceps benefits may include: Increased exercise performance Boosted immunity Reduced inflammation Improved heart health Lower blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes Vegetative hyphae 1.02.0 m wide, smooth-walled, regularly septate. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.t003. A conidial suspension was prepared and adjusted to 105 spores per mL in sterile distilled water with 0.1% (v v-1) Tween 80. Interestingly, mass intensity of cordycepin extracted in BR was higher in methanol extracts than in water extracts, while the opposite was observed on TA medium (Fig 6A). Nevertheless, studies of toxicity and edibility are needed to complement the results obtained in this research. A breakthrough in the artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps on a large-scale and its impact on science, the economy, and industry. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contributions" section. Thus, new alternative compounds for disease treatments are needed. Collections were made in the first expedition under research permit number Res: 08712014 issued by Corporacin para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Sur de la Amazona (CORPOAMAZONIA) to Universidad de Antioquia. The metabolomic profile of this new taxon was also explored through the assessment of the intracellular extracts in mycelial growing on different culture media. No, Is the Subject Area "Culture media" applicable to this article? B) Cross section of perithecia stained with Fucsin lactic acid showing the broad ostioles HUA 186166. Mean and standard deviation were calculated and used as the central tendency unit and the statistical dispersion unit, respectively. Four specimens were found associated with tarantula spiders (Theraphosidae) and presented a morphology that resembles the concept of Petch from 1933 of Ophiocordyceps caloceroides [42]. To explore the metabolic composition of the trapdoor spider pathogen, the most recently collected strain, ANDES-F 1080, was grown on four distinct culture media: i) SDAY as a common and standard artificial culture medium, ii) SDAY with 5 ppm of sodium selenite (Sigma, United States) (SDAY-SS) as suggested for the enhancement of nucleoside production [16], brown rice (BR) medium as a semi-natural culture medium used for production of biomass and of reproductive structures in Cordyceps [35], and iv) an integument medium made from tarantulas (TA) to examine components produced on a substrate similar to that of the host. Extracts originating from four-weeks-old fungal cultures were tested by adding 20 L of the extract in each individual well. Metabolomic profiling reveals enrichment of cordycepin in senescence process of Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies. All subsequent steps were carried out at Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH (Potsdam, Germany; http://www.metabolomicdiscoveries.com/). See this image and copyright information in PMC. Competing interests: Nicolas Schauer and Sandra Trenkamp are employed by Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH. Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia, Affiliation Bionectriaceae, Nectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae are collapsed to emphasize of Cordycipitaceae. Numbers above branches indicate Bootstrap support (BS) and below posterior probability support in Bayesian analyses (PP). Phylogeography and evolution of a fungalinsect association on the Tibetan Plateau. Inoculum was prepared by mixing 1 mL of the conidial suspension with an equal volume of Sabouraud Dextrose broth with 1% (w v-1) of yeast extract (SDY), and then incubated at 25C for 3 days. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Cordyceps caloceroides. doi: Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Ma S, Wang C, Xiang M, et al. 100 m. JPM Araujo CALOC. Consumer demand for natural products is growing worldwide. The sampling process involved careful examination of the ground to observe the emergence of stromata from spider cadavers or nests. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and LOCKSS (www.lockss.org/). In the metabolite profile of the methanol fractions of C. nidus, several chemical components were found which could potentially act as bactericide. This biomass was kept at -20C until it was lyophilized and ground for posterior extraction of metabolites. The MIC for each group of samples is listed in Table 4. Another possible application relies on the antimicrobial properties of its metabolites. Mirrored on iNaturalist as observation 167832166 on June 16, 2023. Nevertheless, orange (N00A80M80) pigments were observed on the reverse of the colony that diffused into the BR medium. We also found the presence of polyphenols in fungal extracts, showing the potential use of C. nidus as an antioxidant product. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Brown Rice treatment resulted in the lowest TPC levels at the end of the evaluated period. eCollection 2021. Amazonas, La Chorrera, San Francisco Uitoto community, GPS: 126'58''S, 7247'38''W, elev. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The results were estimated using a calibration curve of gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a concentration ranging from 100 to 500 ppm; results are expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of dried extract. No, Is the Subject Area "Fungi" applicable to this article? Curtis and effectively published in 1869. Sabouraud dextrose agar with 1% (w v-1) yeast extract (SDAY) medium was also used to maintain isolates. Asci cylindrical, (145-) 190360 24 m (n = 50), cap 34.2 1.23 m. Yes The MIC assay was done in triplicate starting with a concentration of 50 mg of fungal material per 1 mL of solvent and diluting by half the concentration until an inhibition halo was no longer observed. The spider host was located 25-30 cm within its soil tunnel nest and the orange, cylindrical stromata were emerging from the entrance through the leaf litter. Unfortunately, its large-scale cultivation has not yet been achieved due to the fungus strong host dependence [6]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. On the other hand, a linear increase of TPC was observed for samples grown on BR medium through time (R2 > 0.99). Thus, for future studies, we suggest the performance of antifungal sensitivity tests using concentrations higher than 50 mg per mL of solvent. Cordyceps caloceroides Berk. Competing Interests: Nicolas Schauer and Sandra Trenkamp are employed by Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH. Specimens and ex-type living cultures were deposited in the collection of the Herbario de Antioquia (HUA) and the fungal collection of Museo de Historia Natural of Universidad de los Andes (ANDES-F) in Bogot, Colombia, where they are publicly available (S1 Table). Zones of growth inhibition were examined and the diameter of each zone was measured and recorded. nov. as a new species of fungal pathogen of trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorpha: Idiopidae). In the case of the water-based extraction, samples were treated with the ambient temperature water extraction protocol to optimize the extraction of nucleosides [16]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.g007. Second, they are associated with hosts that are enclosed in a structure or in a habitat with low oxygen concentration: Cordyceps ninchukispora is found in seeds of Lauraceae plants, C. pruinosa in cocoons of Lepidoptera, Cordyceps sp. G) Synnemata isolated in PDA turned purple on the tip due to the reaction with KOH 3%.
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