Alternatively, a super supermassive black hole with the mass of 4.3 billion Suns would have a density equal to one i.e. The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. Strictly speaking tons are measures of weight, not mass, but are used here to represent the mass of one ton of material under Earth gravity. Upon this discovery, he leapt from his bath and ran naked through the streets shouting, "Eureka! Sunspots vary in size to that of Utah to several times the size of Earth. When these strike Earth with enough energy, they may cause satellite, communication and power grid problems. To determine volumetric mass density, one must first discount the volume of the void fraction. The density of precious metals could conceivably be based on Troy ounces and pounds, a possible cause of confusion. For example, the gas giant Jupiter has a relatively low average density due to its primarily gaseous composition. = m 3, or kg/m 3) is the unit of density in the International System of Units (SI), defined by mass in kilograms divided by volume in cubic metres. This free density calculator determines any of the three variables in the density equation given the other two. [7] However, each individual method or technique measures different types of density (e.g. It has a effective surface temperature is 5780 K, putting it in spectral class G2. In fact, at aradius of 10 kpc, the mass of the disk is equal to the mass of the bulge. Diameter (km or miles) - The diameter of the planet at the equator, the distance through the center of the planet from one point on the equator to the opposite side, in kilometers or miles. This may sound like its a suppression of activity but these are associated with higher activity of the sun. (Although the pressures needed may be around a thousand times smaller for sandy soil and some clays.) Where did the materials come from? Moving from a distance of approximately 200,000 Km (125,000 mi) lies the Convective Zone of the Sun. In that case the density around any given location is determined by calculating the density of a small volume around that location. The solar wind is the cause of a comet's tail and also the cause of the auroras (northern or southern lights). What made the sun? What is the SI unit of acceleration Class 9? The Suns diameter of 1,392,000 km is 109 times the Earths equatorial diameter of 12,756 km. pb=. This article is about mass density. Finally, we just need to convert this to number density by, What is the average density of the Sun kg m3? One cubic centimetre (abbreviation cc) is equal to one millilitre. kg/m^3 (b) What is the average density of a neutron star that the same as the sun but a radius of only 19.26 km? All Rights Reserved. This means that the density of an ideal gas can be doubled by doubling the pressure, or by halving the absolute temperature. Mean Temperature (C or F) - This is the average temperature over the whole planet's surface (or for the gas giants at the one bar level) in degrees C (Celsius or Centigrade) or degrees F (Fahrenheit). - This tells whether a planet has a set of rings around it, Saturn being the most obvious example. The density of an ideal gas is. The mass of the body then can be expressed as. T * For the Moon, the sidereal orbit period, the time to orbit once relative to the fixed background stars, is given. Conversions. \rho _{i} Global Magnetic Field? Here, gravity and heat provide the necessary energy to drive the nuclear fusion processes that power the sun. In our example, its 200 cm. Almost all the heat from the sun is created in the inner core. The color of the sun is white. This region of the sun is opaque (or optically dark) to light. Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its density; rather it increases its mass. Answer. This is when the poles of the sun rotate faster than at the equator. Osmium and iridium are the densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. A number of techniques as well as standards exist for the measurement of density of materials. Problem 2 - Answer: We want D(x) = 155/2 = 77.5 gm/cm3. Answer: (a) (b) (c) Explanation: The white dwarf will have a mass almost the same mass as the sun: but will have a smaller radius comparable to earth's : (a) Density (b) The free fall acceleration is: (c) Potential energy of the 3.91 kg object at the surface of the white dwarf is : To convert among any units in the left column, say from A to B, you can multiply by the factor for A to convert A into kg/m 3 then divide by the factor for B to convert out of kg/m 3. Mass divided by bulk volume determines bulk density. The sun emits all colors of the rainbow more or less evenly and in physics, we call this combination white. Density: 1.622105 kg/m3 ; Temp: ~1.5710 7 K ; Radiative Zone: Just outside the Inner Core of the sun at a distance approximately 0.25 to 0.7 solar radii lies the Radiative Zone. Mass (massic) concentration of each given component This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. The SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m3) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) are probably the most commonly used units for density. For the third entry in the table above, I calculated the density of the Sun using the formula = m / V (density is mass per volume) *Venus rotates in a retrograde direction, opposite the other planets, so the tilt is almost 180 degrees, it is considered to be spinning with its "top", or north pole pointing "downward" (southward). Is the Sun denser than water? The mass of the Sun is ~~ 1.989 xx 10^30 "kg". ) Where are makes up the nucleus of an atom? Mass (1024kg or 1021tons) - This is the mass of the planet in septillion (1 followed by 24 zeros) kilograms or sextillion (1 followed by 21 zeros) tons. That is why we can see so many different colors in the natural world under the illumination of sunlight. The atom emitted a photon of energy equal to the difference between the two energy levels. For Mercury and the Moon, for example, this is an average over the sunlit (very hot) and dark (very cold) hemispheres and so is not representative of any given region on the planet, and most of the surface is quite different from this average value. Many materials exist in nature as flakes, pellets, or granules. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do The leading theory on why this occurs is due to the sun's magnetic field. The ratios with Earth refer to the axis without reference to north or south. These can send material toward the Earth at speeds reaching 3200 Km/s. The mass of the sun is over 99.8% of the mass of the entire known solar system, leading de Pater and Lissauer to refer lightly to the solar . But different sources have different values for the density of Sun. At this point, the magnetic poles flip and begin a new cycle. Solar flares are releases of plasma from the sun. gram/cubic centimeter to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to gram/cubic centimeter, kilogram/cubic centimeter to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to kilogram/cubic centimeter, gram/cubic millimeter to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to gram/cubic millimeter, milligram/cubic meter to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to milligram/cubic meter, milligram/cubic centimeter to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to milligram/cubic centimeter, milligram/cubic millimeter to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to milligram/cubic millimeter, pound/gallon (US) to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to pound/gallon (US), pound/gallon (UK) to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to pound/gallon (UK), ounce/gallon (US) to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to ounce/gallon (US), ounce/gallon (UK) to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to ounce/gallon (UK), grain/gallon (US) to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to grain/gallon (US), grain/gallon (UK) to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to grain/gallon (UK), ton (short)/cubic yard to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to ton (short)/cubic yard, ton (long)/cubic yard to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to ton (long)/cubic yard, Earth's density (mean) to kilogram/cubic meter, kilogram/cubic meter to Earth's density (mean), 1 gram/cubic centimeter = 1000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 kilogram/cubic centimeter = 1000000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 gram/cubic meter [g/m^3] = 0.001 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 gram/cubic millimeter = 1000000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 milligram/cubic meter = 1.0E-6 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 milligram/cubic centimeter = 1 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 milligram/cubic millimeter = 1000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 exagram/liter [Eg/L] = 1.0E+18 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 petagram/liter [Pg/L] = 1.0E+15 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 teragram/liter [Tg/L] = 1000000000000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 gigagram/liter [Gg/L] = 1000000000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 megagram/liter [Mg/L] = 1000000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 kilogram/liter [kg/L] = 1000 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 hectogram/liter [hg/L] = 100 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 dekagram/liter [dag/L] = 10 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 gram/liter [g/L] = 1 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 decigram/liter [dg/L] = 0.1 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 centigram/liter [cg/L] = 0.01 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 milligram/liter [mg/L] = 0.001 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 microgram/liter [g/L] = 1.0E-6 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 nanogram/liter [ng/L] = 1.0E-9 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 picogram/liter [pg/L] = 1.0E-12 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 femtogram/liter [fg/L] = 1.0E-15 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 attogram/liter [ag/L] = 1.0E-18 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 pound/cubic inch [lb/in^3] = 27679.904710191 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 pound/cubic foot [lb/ft^3] = 16.018463374 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 pound/cubic yard [lb/yd^3] = 0.5932764213 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 pound/gallon (US) = 119.8264273167 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 pound/gallon (UK) = 99.7763726631 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 ounce/cubic inch [oz/in^3] = 1729.9940443869 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 ounce/cubic foot [oz/ft^3] = 1.0011539609 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 ounce/gallon (US) = 7.4891517073 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 ounce/gallon (UK) = 6.2360232914 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 grain/gallon (US) = 0.017118061 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 grain/gallon (UK) = 0.0142537675 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 grain/cubic foot [gr/ft^3] = 0.0022883519 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 ton (short)/cubic yard = 1186.552842515 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 ton (long)/cubic yard = 1328.9391836174 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 slug/cubic foot [slug/ft^3] = 515.3788183932 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 psi/1000 feet = 2.3066587258 kilogram/cubic meter, 1 Earth's density (mean) = 5517.9999999999 kilogram/cubic meter. (a) Estimate the diameter of the Sun. For the third entry in the table above, I calculated the density of the Sun using the formula, The mass of Sun is approximately 333,000 times of Earth and the volume of the Sun could hold more than one million Earths. in the Bath", New carbon nanotube struructure aerographite is lightest material champ, Aerographit: Leichtestes Material der Welt entwickelt SPIEGEL ONLINE, "1.3 SolidsMetals: Table 1-59 Metals and AlloysMiscellaneous Properties", "Density of Concrete - The Physics Factbook", "Density of Glass - The Physics Factbook", "Extreme Stars: White Dwarfs & Neutron Stars]", Video: Density Experiment with Oil and Alcohol, Video: Density Experiment with Whiskey and Water, Glass Density Calculation Calculation of the density of glass at room temperature and of glass melts at 1000 1400C, List of Elements of the Periodic Table Sorted by Density, Calculation of saturated liquid densities for some components, Temperature dependence of the density of water Conversions of density units, "A model for calculating the density of aqueous multicomponent electrolyte solutions", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Density&oldid=1155758720, One of the heaviest known gases at standard conditions, At 4C, the temperature of its maximum density, Based on 0.3 hydrogen atoms per cubic centimetre, Does not depend strongly on size of nucleus, megagram (metric ton) per cubic metre (Mg/m, This page was last edited on 19 May 2023, at 15:35. This large core huge compared to the other rocky planets in our solar system has long been one of the most intriguing mysteries about Mercury. To a rst approximation, the Sun consists of a gas of equal numbers of protons and electrons. It might be loose or compact, with more or less air space depending on handling. The time from full Moon to full Moon, or synodic period, is 29.53 days. "Sun's density is 1.4 times that of water. This zone radiates energy through the process of photon emission and capture by the hydrogen and helium ions. Such techniques include the use of a hydrometer (a buoyancy method for liquids), Hydrostatic balance (a buoyancy method for liquids and solids), immersed body method (a buoyancy method for liquids), pycnometer (liquids and solids), air comparison pycnometer (solids), oscillating densitometer (liquids), as well as pour and tap (solids). However, much of the universe exists beyond the observable universe, which is maybe about 90 billion light years across. The mass of the Sun is #~~ 1.989 xx 10^30# #"kg"#. Distance from Sun (106 km or 106 miles) - This is the average distance from the planet to the Sun in millions of kilometers or millions of miles, also known as the semi-major axis. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Question: The density of water is 1.00103 kg/m3, and the density of mercury is 1.36104 kg/m3. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:[1]. The average density of the Sun is on the order 10 3 kg/ m 3. Orbital Eccentricity - This is a measure of how far a planet's orbit about the Sun (or the Moon's orbit about the Earth) is from being circular. the same density as water. On the surface of the sun, we reach the Photosphere. Since the sun is a large ball of hot gas, it has differential rotation. Expert Answer 100% (4 ratings) Transcribed image text: Calculate the average density of the following astronomical body: the Sun. Or, you can find the single factor you need by dividing the A factor by the B factor. Then, estimate the linear dimensions (such as the radius of the sphere or the length, width, and height of the box) first, and use your estimates to obtain the volume or area from standard geometric formulas. (5.67 x 10 -8 Wm -2 K -4 ), and T is the star's surface temperature in Kelvin. The density of a solution is the sum of mass (massic) concentrations of the components of that solution. : Archimedes Coined the Term "Eureka!" D. The atom absorbed a photon of energy equal to the difference in energy between the two energy levels. The light is emitted through the interaction of electrons with Hydrogen atoms. As a result, the term "eureka" entered common parlance and is used today to indicate a moment of enlightenment. Each planet in our solar system possesses a distinct density, which is a measure of the concentration of matter within its volume. The average distance from the Sun is midway between these two values. The compressibility for a typical liquid or solid is 106bar1 (1bar = 0.1MPa) and a typical thermal expansivity is 105K1. (a) The mass of Earth's atmosphere: 5.1 10 18 kg; (b) The mass of the Moon's atmosphere: 25,000 kg; (c) The mass of Earth's hydrosphere: 1.4 10 21 kg; (d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 10 24 kg; (e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 10 22 kg; (f) The Earth-Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 10 8 m; (g) The mean Earth-Sun distance: 1.5 10 11 m; . These density variations contribute to the different gravitational pull, atmospheric conditions, and geological features observed on each celestial body. Length of Day (hours) - The average time in hours for the Sun to move from the noon position in the sky at a point on the equator back to the same position. 5 Crazy Radioactive Products! The density at all points of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume. The average density of Earth is 5.52 \mathrm {~g} / \mathrm {cm}^3 5.52 g/cm3. . They are all about 1.4g/cm3 or about 1.4 times that of water. It is a billion times less dense than water. At the surface, the temperature drops to about 5700 degrees Kelvin (9800 degrees F)* and has a density of approximately 0.2g/m. Gravity (m/s2 or ft/s2) - The gravitational acceleration on the surface at the equator in meters per second squared or feet per second squared, including the effects of rotation. The mass of the Sun is approximately equal to the mass of 1048 Jupiters or "330,000" times the mass of the Earth, which is an approximate value. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of a dwarf planet because, With 400 billion Milky Way stars, we estimate they contain, The trite answer is that both space and time were created at the big bang about 14 billion years ago, so. Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance's mass per unit of volume. It is about 450,000km in diameter. (! One dalton per cubic ngstrm is equal to a density of 1.66053906660g/cm3. Below is a table of units in which density is commonly expressed, as well as the densities of some common materials. with a calibrated measuring cup) or geometrically from known dimensions. \rho _{T_{0}} When dealing with an area or a volume of a complex object, introduce a simple model of the object such as a sphere or a box. (b) Given that the Sun subtends at an angle of about half a degree in the sky, estimate its distance from Earth. New moons are still being discovered. Earth's Sun is a medium-sized star which lies on the main sequence with 90% of the known stars. Saturn, the least dense planet in the Solar System on the other hand, has a density lower than that of water. d The bulk volume of a materialinclusive of the void fractionis often obtained by a simple measurement (e.g. Particularly at the surface, where you get your solar tsunamis and your solar flares, the density of the solar atmosphere is a million times less dense than air at sea level. Orbital Inclination (degrees) - The angle in degrees at which a planets orbit around the Sun is tilted relative to the ecliptic plane. Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Ans. Baffled, Archimedes is said to have taken an immersion bath and observed from the rise of the water upon entering that he could calculate the volume of the gold wreath through the displacement of the water. The core is made up of hydrogen, which fuses, into helium. As there are many units of mass and volume covering many different magnitudes there are a large number of units for mass density in use. In most materials, heating the bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid, which causes it to rise relative to denser unheated material. Water at standard temperature and pressure. So, the weight of the water displaced is mass * gravity = 320 kg * 9.8 m/s2 = 3136 N. T Orbital Period (days) - This is the time in Earth days for a planet to orbit the Sun from one vernal equinox to the next. Knowing the volume of the unit cell of a crystalline material and its formula weight (in daltons), the density can be calculated. The larger the eccentricity, the more elongated is the orbit, an eccentricity of 0 means the orbit is a perfect circle. Mass change upon displacing one void material with another while maintaining constant volume can be used to estimate the void fraction, if the difference in density of the two voids materials is reliably known. P_the Sun = kg/m^3 Where does the value fit among those listed in the table below? {\displaystyle \rho ({\vec {r}})=dm/dV} Five Lesser Known Facts About Sir Isaac Newton | Science Snacks For Curious Brain, The Fascinating History and Facts about IP Addresses, 5 Unknown Stories About Albert Einstein You Probably Didn't Know, Did You Know? (While our universe is 13.8 billion years old, the observable universe reaches further since the universe is expanding). So we divide to get its density: density ~1400 kg/m 3 This is denser than water, a lot less dense than rock. Strictly speaking pounds are measures of weight, not mass, but are used here to represent the mass of one pound of material under Earth gravity. With 400 billion Milky Way stars, we estimate they contain 1-to-10 trillion orbiting planets, total. For the densities of all chemical elements, see, Molar volumes of liquid and solid phase of elements, Unless otherwise noted, all densities given are at, Air contained in material excluded when calculating density, standard conditions for temperature and pressure, Density prediction by the Girolami method, The National Aeronautic and Atmospheric Administration's, "Fact or Fiction? The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is defined as 1 Astronomical Unit (AU), so the ratio table gives this distance in AU. It is useful to carefully write out whatever values are being worked with, including units, and perform dimensional analysis to ensure that the final result has units of. For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass concentration. Mean density of entire Sun Interior (center of Sun) Surface (photosphere) Chromosphere Low corona Sea level atmosphere of Earth (for comparison) 1410 kg/m3 160000 kg/m3 10-6 kg/m3 10-9 kg/m3 10-13 kg/m3 -2 2 2. Escape Velocity (km/s) - Initial velocity, in kilometers per second or miles per second, needed at the surface (at the 1 bar pressure level for the gas giants) to escape the body's gravitational pull, ignoring atmospheric drag. The physical significance of density is the amount of matter that a cubic unit of container can hold. is the thermal expansion coefficient of the material at temperatures close to The average density of the human body is 985 kg/m3 k g / m 3 , and the typical density of seawater is about 1020 kg/m3 k g / m 3 . How can global warming lead to an ice age? In chemistry, g/cm3 is more commonly used. Other conceptually comparable quantities or ratios include specific density, relative density (specific gravity), and specific weight. Each planet in our solar system possesses a distinct density, which is a measure of the concentration of matter within its volume. dV (b) Given that the Sun subtends at an angle of about half See answer Write \frac {1} {6} 61 as a decimal. To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or "specific gravity", i.e. The luminosity of a star is given by the equation. r The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific volume, a term sometimes used in thermodynamics. in a solution sums to density of the solution. Also, explore many other unit converters or learn more about density unit conversions. Some scientists compare Mercury to a cannonball because its metal core fills nearly 85 percent of the volume of the planet. Negative numbers indicate retrograde (backwards relative to the Earth) rotation. As the sun goes through this, the magnetic field builds up and "wraps" around the sun until a point where it is stretched too far and breaks. Greek "I have found it"). With this equation we can see immediately that a black hole with the same mass as the Sun would have the (enormously high) density of $1.85 \times 10^{19}$ kg/m$^3$. Sun / Mass What is the density of the Sun compared to Earth? What is the density of the Sun compared to Earth? We don't see the magnetic fields themselves, just the effect it has on the gas as its travelling along the magnetic field lines. How do you solve the riddle in the orphanage? Essentially Pluto meets all the criteria except oneit has not cleared its neighboring region of other objects.. This means the more sunspots you see, the more active the sun is. The density of water is about 1000kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3, because the size of the gram was originally based on the mass of a cubic centimetre of water. *The surfaces of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are deep in the atmosphere and the location and pressures are not known. In the case of sand, it could be water, which can be advantageous for measurement as the void fraction for sand saturated in wateronce any air bubbles are thoroughly driven outis potentially more consistent than dry sand measured with an air void. Gravity has compressed the gas in the Sun. Just outside the Inner Core of the sun at a distance approximately 0.25 to 0.7 solar radii lies the Radiative Zone. / This can be seen as and increase of sunspot activity, CMEs, prominences and solar flares. But different sources have different values for the density of Sun. In the limit of an infinitesimal volume the density of an inhomogeneous object at a point becomes: Number of Moons - This gives the number of IAU officially confirmed moons orbiting the planet. This zone radiates energy through the process of photon emission and capture by the hydrogen and . Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [1] where is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. The temperature at the center of the Sun is about 1 107 K, and the density of the Sun is about 1 105 kg/m3. Its just a giant ball of hydrogen and helium gas. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. See Answer Voids are regions which contain something other than the considered material. [4] Some scholars have doubted the accuracy of this tale, saying among other things that the method would have required precise measurements that would have been difficult to make at the time.[5][6]. The symbol most often used for density is (the lower case Greek letter rho ), although the Latin letter D can also be used. The Sun is an average star. For example, the density of water increases between its melting point at 0C and 4C; similar behavior is observed in silicon at low temperatures. But if you take a look around, theres nothing here for you to actually land on, because the sun doesnt have any solid surface to speak of. The average density of the Sun is on the order 103 kg/ m3. All planets have orbits which are elliptical, not perfectly circular, so there is a point in the orbit at which the planet is closest to the Sun, the perihelion, and a point furthest from the Sun, the aphelion. So, the mass of the water displaced is density * volume = 1000 kg/m3 * 0.32 m3 = 320 kg. What is the circumference of the Earth's orbit around the Sun? Mars and the Moon have localized regional magnetic fields but no global field. Calculate the absolute pressure pb at the bottom of a 0.250m tall graduated cylinder that is three-fourths full of mercury and one-fourth full of water. (b) Given - Brainly.com 01/17/2020 Physics High School answered expert verified The average density of the Sun is on the order 103 kg/ m3 . We know the radius of the sun, so we can compute its volume. This zone is not dense enough to use radiative transfer of energy, instead, it uses thermal convection zones, in other words, it boils. The trite answer is that both space and time were created at the big bang about 14 billion years ago, so there is nothing beyond the universe. Krypton, Kr. The gravity on Earth is designated as 1 "G", so the Earth ratio fact sheets gives the gravity of the other planets in G's. Thus the volume equals, 4/3*3.14*(6.961010cm)3=1.411033cm3. T_{0} It ranks seventh in the abundance of gases in Earth's atmosphere. The solar wind is the stream of particles (protons, electrons, neutrinos, etc), energy, and radiation from the sun. In contrast, the density of gases is strongly affected by pressure.
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