Howard states, "During the period preceding the Teutonic invasion, speaking broadly, the church adhered to Roman law and custom; thereafter those of the Germanswere accepted. Cousin marriage has often been practiced to keep cultural values intact, preserve family wealth, maintain geographic proximity, keep tradition, strengthen family ties, and maintain family structure or a closer relationship between the wife and her in-laws. We posit that local mate competition combined with parental control over marriages may escalate conflict between same-sex siblings who compete over mates, while simultaneously forging alliances between opposite-sex siblings. In the above diagram, the people coloured orange would be in lineage A, the chief's lineage, while those coloured blue would be in lineage B, the lineage member of the confederation. Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is typically used by anthropologists to describe a form of marriage in which the sons of one consanguineous group marry the daughters of the consanguineous group from which their mother originates. That means members must marry outside the group. In response to the 2005 marriage of Pennsylvanian first cousins Eleanor Amrhein and Donald W. Andrews Sr. in Maryland, Heller said that he might resurrect the bill because such marriages are "like playing genetic roulette. [157] branch). For example, in So Paulo in the mid-19th century the rate of cousin marriage apparently was 16%,[143] but a century later it was merely 1.9%. In Roman Catholicism, all marriages more distant than first-cousin marriages are allowed,[159] and first-cousin marriages can be contracted with a dispensation. The Hindu Marriage Act makes cousin marriage illegal for Hindus with the exception of marriages permitted by regional custom. [132], Among British Pakistanis most marriages are transnational and have the effect of bringing in another Pakistani under the constraints of British immigration control. Beginning with the paradoxical observation that bilateral cross-cousin marriage is the Nuosu ideal, but that one-sided matrilateral unions are more common than patrilateral unions and that true bilateral unions are quite rare, it discusses the strategies of alliance that motivate parents and local clan elders . For example, marriage is promoted between them in the Iroquois system. She recounts in the book that her good friend married the friend's first cross cousin. Cross-cousin marriage definition, marriage between the children of a brother and sister. In a large number of geographically dispersed cultures, including in South India, among the Iroquois and certain other North American First Peoples, Indigenous Australians and the Maoris of New Zealand, only cross cousin marriages are permitted and parallel cousin marriages are forbidden. [68] Finally, the Igbo people of southern Nigeria specifically prohibit both parallel- and cross-cousin marriage, though polygyny is common. Within the next two decades numerous reports, e.g., one from the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum, appeared with similar conclusions: that cousin marriage sometimes resulted in deafness, blindness, and idiocy. In Pakistan there is the concept of biradari or "caste network," whose members may or may not be related. Custom requires that if such a wife dies, then the lineage must provide a replacement to become the wife of the chief. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. [38], Cousin marriage has been at least allowed throughout the Middle East for all recorded history. Cross Cousin Marriage. The attitude towards such marriages varies considerably across cultures and legal jurisdictions. TPT St. Paul. [191] Similar disorders have been found in the highly polygynous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, who do allow first-cousin marriage and of whom 75 to 80 percent are related to two 1930s founders. Among traditional arranged marriages the outcome typically depends on the balance of power between parents and the number of cousins on each side of the family; each parent may try to sway cousin marriages to their respective side. [65] Baba of Karo's first of four marriages was to her second cousin. It is an integral part of the culture of every Aboriginal group across Australia, and particularly important with regard to marriages between Aboriginal people . Muslim Hausa practice cousin marriage preferentially, and polygyny is allowed if the husband can support multiple wives. According to this custom a man has the first right of marriage with his father's brother's daughter. For example, in a Southernmost part of India, there has been a practice of bifurcate merging in which there is marriages in their own lineage. (a) Polygyny: In this type of marriage one man marries to several women. [64] Even for a man, lacking a spouse is looked down upon. Though contemporaneous, the eugenics movement did not play much of a direct role in the bans, and indeed George Louis Arner in 1908 considered the ban a clumsy and ineffective method of eugenics, which he thought would eventually be replaced by more refined techniques. Again it is a relationship between two lineages, but this time in each alternating generation each lineage provides first a husband then a wife. It is however estimated that 3550% of all sub-Saharan African populations either prefer or accept cousin marriages. The concept of the cross cousin is directly related to marriage process in some of the communities. [73] But exceptions to these rules include the overwhelmingly Muslim Somali and Afar peoples, who respectively make up 6.2% and 1.73% of the population. [199] According to a statement by the UK's Human Genetics Commission on cousin marriages, the BBC also "fails to clarify" that children born to these marriages were not found to be 13 times more likely to develop genetic disorders. It seems probable that the longer a Pakistani has been in Britain, the less their likelihood of marrying a close relative. Population subdivision results from decreased gene flow among different groups in a population. [179] Social norms against such practices are quite strong as well. That son would use the word for "female father" to address his father's sister (siwa or agyewa). Published studies show that mean perinatal mortality in the Pakistani community of 15.7 per thousand significantly exceeds that in the indigenous population and all other ethnic groups in Britain. "[161] On the other hand it has also been argued that the bans were a reaction against local Germanic customs of kindred marriage. Not surprisingly, marriages to kin in Britain has also allowed some families consolidate their social position in Pakistan using the resulting income. [207] In Iceland, where marriages between second and third cousins were common, in part due to limited selection, studies show higher fertility rates. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. By the 1870s, Lewis Henry Morgan was writing about "the advantages of marriages between unrelated persons" and the necessity of avoiding "the evils of consanguine marriage", avoidance of which would "increase the vigor of the stock". Patrilateral cousins are related to Ego on his fathers side of the family. [67] A 1974 study analyzed Yoruba marriages in the town Oka Akoko, finding that among a sample of highly polygynous marriages having an average of about three wives, 51% of all pairings were consanguineous. [74] The Afar practice a form of cousin marriage called absuma that is arranged at birth and can be forced. Next is marriage within the surra. While readily conceding that banning cousin marriage cannot be justified on genetic grounds, Saletan asks rhetorically whether it would be acceptable to legalize uncle-niece marriage or "hard-core incest" between siblings and then let genetic screening take care of the resulting problems. For example, in Mumbai, studies done in 1956 showed 7.7% of Hindus married to a second cousin or closer. I am a social animal who likes to have maximum participation in any fest. In South Asia, rising demands for dowry payments have caused dire economic hardship and have been linked to "dowry deaths" in a number of North Indian states. [19] Morgan himself had married his maternal uncle's daughter in 1851. "Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin. I have participated in many social events. ; RF-35). Men are forbidden to marry within their own patrilineage or those of their mother or father's mother and must marry outside their own village. In one small sample, 92% of transnational marriages were with either first or second cousins. [182][183] It seems that the tradition and rules of Dwapara yuga have allowed cross cousins to marry as evident from Arjuna's marriage with Subhadra, Pradyumna's( Eldest son of SriKrishna) marriage with Rukmi's( Brother of Rukmini) daughter.Also Srikrishna himself married to cross cousin "Mitravinda"( Daughter of Vasudeva's sister Rajadhi Devi who was Queen of Avanti) and "Bhadra" ( Daughter of Vasudava's sister ShrutaKeerti who was queen of Kekaya kingdom. Lvi-Strauss thought that this proved that the origin of the incest prohibition is purely social and not biological. The daughters of Eleazer also married the sons of Eleazer's brother Kish in the still later time of David (1 Chronicles 23:22). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. When an important elder or chief dies, his lineage must of course choose a successor from within their own matrilineal descent group. While those who move up in status may more confidently overlook obligations to kin and marry those of equivalent class status, possibly through "arranged love marriages," the majority may not have this luxury. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [190] First-cousin marriage is taboo among Amish but they still suffer from several rare genetic disorders. [87] Later analyses have found regional variation in these patterns: in some rural areas where cousin marriage is still common, MBD is not preferred but merely acceptable, similar to MZD. Let's say a father's son marries the daughter. Marriage with a parallel cousin would be seen as incestuous. This article was most recently revised and updated by Elizabeth Prine Pauls. [138] Currently according to the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, "Article 7 No marriage may be contracted under any of the following circumstances: (1)if the man and the woman are lineal relatives by blood, or collateral relatives by blood up to the third degree of kinship." [206] According to a recent paper the fertility difference is probably not due to any underlying biological effect. The second type of cross cousin marriage is reciprocal. A cousin marriage is a marriage where the spouses are cousins (i.e. The United States has the only bans on cousin marriage in the Western world. Umar married his cousin Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nifayl,[171][172] while Ali married Fatimah,[173] the daughter of his paternal first cousin Muhammad and hence his first cousin once removed. The family law in India, takes into account the religious and cultural practices and they are all equally recognized. King Henry VIII of England decreed cousin marriage to be legal. "[128] Muslim physician Mohammad Walji has spoken out against the practice, saying that it is a "very significant" cause of infant death, and his practice has produced leaflets warning against it. [149], Matrilateral cross-cousin marriage has been found by some anthropological researchers to be correlated with patripotestal jural authority, meaning rights or obligations of the father. Trish Choate. Its just not the accepted normal thing. Jacob loved Rachel and worked seven years for her father Laban in return for permission to marry (Genesis 2829). According to many English Bible translations, a fourth example is the five daughters of Zelophehad, who married the "sons of their father's brothers" in the later period of Moses, although other translations merely say "relatives." That is the economic component. Two men marry each others sisters to establish a basis for a long term alliance. This would have the effect of eliminating parallel-cousin marriage as an option but would leave cross-cousin marriage acceptable. Cross-cousin marriage (i.e., marriage with the offspring of aparent's opposite-sex sibling) is the most common preferredmarriage arrangement across cultures. According to Korotayev, a systematic acceptance of parallel-cousin marriage took place when Islamization occurred together with Arabization. The current rate of cousin marriage there is 54%, an increase of 1218% over the previous generation. "Fatimah", Encyclopaedia of Islam. Of the three types of institution of exogamy rules, dual organization, and cross-cousin marriage, the last was most significant, making the analysis of this form of marriage the crucial test for any theory of marriage prohibitions. [54][55] Throughout Middle Eastern history cousin marriage has been both praised and discouraged by various writers and authorities. Kinship terminology adds some meaning to this arrangement. [49] Cousin marriage among native Middle Eastern Jews is generally far higher than among the European Ashkenazim, who assimilated European marital practices after the diaspora. [1] As of 2001, here is one estimate for the percentages of world population living in countries with various levels of consanguineous marriage: less than 1% consanguinity, 18%, 110% consanguinity, 47%, 1050+% consanguinity, 17%, and unknown, 18%. Sikhism largely follows the pattern of ban on the same clan marriages. Research among Arabs and worldwide has indicated that consanguinity could have an effect on some reproductive health parameters such as postnatal mortality and rates of congenital malformations. Abstract. What is the significance of cross cousin marriage? [56], A 2009 study found that many Arab countries display some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in the world, and that first cousin marriages which may reach 25-30% of all marriages. Richard D. Alexander was the one who discouraged the idea of having marriages in the same lineage as it can be seen as marrying to their half-siblings. Muslim consanguinity in north India was typical, but below the overall northern statistic lies a sharply divided picture: Jammu and Kashmir is the only Indian state with a Muslim majority, with a Muslim consanguinity rate of 40%, while at the other extreme Haryana, though its population is 17% Muslim,[104] has a Muslim consanguinity rate of only 1%. For example, if your maternal uncle has two kids then these kids will be your cross-cousins. [114], A bill to repeal the ban on first-cousin marriage in Minnesota was introduced by Phyllis Kahn in 2003, but it died in committee. See more. I am Prerna Jha, pursuing mechanical engineering from KIIT, Odisha, But I Love to Read and Write Sociology Related Concepts and Theories. When I studied Obo, the Obo chief had 32 wives. A Greek woman who became epikleros, or heiress with no brothers, was obliged to marry her father's nearest male kin if she had not yet married and given birth to a male heir; first in line would be either her father's brothers or their sons, followed by her father's sisters' sons. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In the Mahabharata, one of the two great Hindu Epics, Arjuna took as his fourth wife his first and cross cousin Subhadra, the sister of Krishna. Some men also practiced sororate marriage, that is, a marriage to a former wife's sister or a polygynous marriage to both sisters. Cross-Cousin. But for Hindus it may be illegal under the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act, though the specific situation is more complex. In fact it may even be unacceptable to marry within one's village or for two siblings to marry partners from the same village. Due to this association, possibly reinforced by personal interaction with a specific cousin, he may become "fond" of her, rendering the relationship "sentimentally appropriate. Republican Minority Leader Marty Seifert criticized the bill in response, saying it would "turn us into a cold Arkansas. For example, your father's sister kids will be your cross cousins and so is the case with your mother's brother kids. This led to a gradual shift in concern from affinal unions, like those between a man and his deceased wife's sister, to consanguineous unions. [1], It appears that in most societies cousin marriage is more common among those of low socioeconomic status, among the illiterate and uneducated, and in rural areas. The two kinds of cross cousin marriage are: (1) asymmetrical and (2) reciprocal. Reportedly it is a custom that in such marriages at least one spouse must be a relative, and generally such spouses were the preferred or favorite wives in the marriage and gave birth to more children. Among North Indian Hindus the marriage between brother and sister is not allowed for seven generations from father side and three generations from mother's side, but among South Indian Hindus particularly among Brahmins cross-cousin marriage is prevalent (i.e. [123], The U.S. state of Maine allows first-cousin marriage if the couple agrees to have genetic counseling, while North Carolina allows it so long as the applicants for marriage are not rare double first cousins, meaning cousins through both parental lines. Those who do not wish to marry based on the personal laws governed by religious and cultural practices may opt for a marriage under this law. Parallel cousins are those cousins who have evolved either through your mothers sister or your fathers brother. India's Muslim minority represents about 12% of its population (excluding Jammu and Kashmir) and has an overall rate of cousin marriage of 22% according to a 2000 report. Although isolated cousin marriages may pose little risk, repeated consanginous marriages within a group are more problematic. [1] Put differently, first-cousin marriage entails a similar increased risk of birth defects and mortality as a woman faces when she gives birth at age 41 rather than at 30. Their thesis is the converse of Fredrik Barth's, who describes the fission as leading to the cousin marriage. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The same word is modified slightly to mean "mother in law.". Under Leach's model, in systems where this form of marriage segregates descent groups into wife-givers and wife-takers, the social status of the two categories also cannot be determined by a priori arguments. A consistent positive association between consanguinity and disorders such as ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect has been demonstrated, but both positive and negative associations with patent ductus arteriosus, atrioventricular septal defect, pulmonary atresia, and Tetralogy of Fallot have been reported in different populations. In 1923, A. M. Hocart drew attention to this case and concluded from it that the Sakyas practiced cross-cousin marriage;3 more recently G. S. Ghurye and others of the Bombay school have drawn similar conclusions from this and other examples from Pali literature.4 Unfortu- [34] The Old Testament also contains several examples of married cousins. Instead of corporate units, Arab society is described as having "agnatic sections," a kind of repeating fractal structure in which authority is normally weak at all levels but capable of being activated at the required level in times of war. Bilateral cross-cousin marriage systems are a type of direct exchange marriage in which two lineages or families make lasting partnerships and exchanges by marrying the women of each other. Richard Conniff. Thus for matrilateral cross cousin marriage, a man marries his mothers brothers daughter, although his wife is marrying patrilaterally, i.e., to her fathers sisters son. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Even when a cross-cousin is the preferential mate, actual instances of such marriages in a given society may be small, for such decisions are also influenced by local customs governing succession, inheritance, and residence. The HGC states, "Other types of genetic conditions, including chromosomal abnormalities, sex-linked conditions and autosomal dominant conditions are not influenced by cousin marriage."
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