can dental x rays be wrongcan dental x rays be wrong

Sometimes termed exposure creep, manufacturers are building tools into equipment to provide methods other than increasing dose to improve detector sensitivity.17. Can a dental panoramic x ray show cancer? There was also a statistically significant correlation between full-mouth X-rays and salivary gland cancer, but not parotid gland cancer. I looked this up because yesterday I had 18 x-rays due to incompetent dental assistants and silly procedures. For pregnant dental personnel, the radiation exposure limit is 0.5 mSv per month (see following section).6, The ADA recommends the use of dosimeters and work practice controls for pregnant dental staff who work with X-rays.2 Studies of pregnant patients receiving dental care have affirmed the safety of dental treatment.12, 13The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women reaffirmed its committee opinion in 2017: Patients often need reassurance that prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral conditions, including dental X-rays (with shielding of the abdomen and thyroid) [is] safe during pregnancy.14, The digital era of dental radiography began in 1988 with RVG radio/visio/graphy.15The first film-like sensor was introduced in 1994. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), introduced in the U.S. in 2001, produces a three-dimensional image of maxillofacial structures, with uses in oral surgery, orthodontics, and endodontics. The ADA, in collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), developed recommendations for dental radiographic examinations to serve as an adjunct to the dentists professional judgment of how to best use diagnostic imaging.2 Radiographs can help the dentist evaluate and definitively diagnose many oral diseases and conditions. This protects your organs from minimal radiation they do not need to be exposed to. All images submitted to third-party payers should be returned to the treating dentist within fifteen (15) working days. To solve the problem, the integrated significance was marked as having partial significance (PS) when only some of the characteristics were statistically significant, as having significance (S) when all the characteristics were significant, and as not having significance (NS) when all were nonsignificant. In the head and neck region, cancer risks caused by exposure to dental X-rays have been discussed. The jaw is a curved structure similar to that of a horseshoe. I recently purchased a digital x Ray system for our office and am extremely satisfied with the product and the quality of the images and ease of use of the system. The five studies did not specify dental diagnostic X-ray types. Each time, we've been happy with the service, the installation, and the products themselves. A dental implant can offer natural-looking and long lasting results, but they tend to be more expensive than other treatment options. For the literature review, this study examined twenty-one papers on dental diagnostic X-ray exposure and health effects. To fulfill a practice's legal and quality-of-care standards, diagnostic quality X-rays must be kept with the records of the patient's chart and maintained for the time period set by the Board of Dentistry in the jurisdiction where the practice is located. They sell an array of products suited to individual needs. The patient, intervention, comparator, outcomes (PICO) method was followed as a viable tool for the systematic review process [18]. Hujoel PP, Bollen A-M, Noonan CJ, del Aguila MA. Exposure to Ionizing Radiation during Dental X-Rays Is Not Associated with Risk of Developing Meningioma: A Meta-Analysis Based on Seven Case-Control Studies. I highly recommend this company. The central ray should be aligned over the center of the receptor with the x-ray beam directed perpendicular to the receptor. The entire process from purchase to installation and staff training was efficient, professional and seamless. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. People who drink a lot of sugary beverages. X-rays are usually not indicated unless specific dental disease is clinically present. The selection of patients for dental radiographic examinations. There isn't an exact number of dental X-rays that are safe to have done in one day. Do you really need panoramic dental x-rays? ". American Dental Association American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs., U.S. Food and Drug Administration. I will recommend this company to others. Committee Opinion: Oral health care during pregnancy and through the lifespan. The databases were searched for all related paper published before December 2016. Generally, the benefits of the diagnostic information from an X-ray outweigh the potential risk to a baby. Without x-rays, we'd not discover decay, gum disease (and related bone loss), abcesses / infections, cysts and even tumors. 9. When the body is exposed to. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Papers that reported a correlation between dental diagnostic X-ray exposure and overall health of dental practitioners were identified. In adults, dental X-rays can be used to: Show areas of decay that may not be visible with an oral exam, especially small areas of decay between teeth Identify decay occurring beneath an. X-rays are a type of high-energy radiation that can easily pass through most body tissues, like muscle and fat, but they are blocked by denser material like bone. Amalgam fillings, diagnostic dental x-rays and tumours of the brain and meninges. However, doctors cannot provide care for patients based on an incomplete diagnosis without becoming subject to liability for failure to diagnose or treat existing conditions. Although many epidemiological studies have reported on the association between exposure to dental X-rays and meningioma risk, it is still controversial, as some studies have shown a lack of association [8-10]. 5. This can of course lead to loss of money. Dental x-rays may not reveal all cases of oral cancer, but they may be useful during an oral cancer screening test. Designed by WW Web, Thank you for your interest in our products. A new set of X-rays may be needed to help your dentist detect any new cavities, determine the status of your gum health or evaluate the growth and development of your teeth. Teeth often shift after dental procedures and throughout your life. 5 Questions to Ask at Your Childs Back-to-School Dental Visit, Radiation and Pregnancy: A Fact Sheet for the Public, With PSP storage or F-speed film and rectangular collimation, With PSP storage or F-speed film and round collimation, Dentoalveolar CBCT small and medium field of view, Maxillofacial CBCT with large field of view, Upper G.I. This study did not specifically categorize exposure measurements, including exposure dose (mGy) and frequency, because each study has diverse radiation exposure categories. The 8 Best Teeth Whitening Products for 2023. But many experts are concerned about an explosion in the use of higher radiation-dose tests, such as CT and nuclear imaging. The median NOS score of the eligible studies was 4.0, 5.0, and 3.5 for meningioma and tumors in head and neck areas, thyroid cancer, and systemic health outcomes, respectively. Dentists use X-rays to help diagnose damage and disease that is not visible during a clinical dental examination. Analogous to a 2-D image comprised of pixels, CBCT creates a 3-D image comprised of voxels. Common problems include: [email protected] Home Conditions Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis Oro-Antral Communication ANUG Pericoronitis Bleeding Gums Missing Teeth Dental Decay Perioendo Lesion Toothache A total of 2 158 studies, except for duplicate studies, were initially collected. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of papers that reported an association between dental X-ray exposure and overall health risks because no previous reports have summarized these associations. Brain and salivary gland tumors related to prior dental radiography: implications for current practice. 1. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. For Fast Response for Service call (800) 230-9729. In brain tumor studies, the association between dental X-ray exposure and meningioma was statistically significant in 5 of the 7 studies. A thyroid collar may be used in the case of thyroid conditions. During the dental exam, the dentist or hygienist will look for signs of oral . Department of Scientific Information, Evidence Synthesis & Translation Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, LLC. Preston-Martin S, Thomas DC, White SC, Cohen D. Prior exposure to medical and dental x-rays related to tumors of the parotid gland. Myers DR, Shoaf HK, Wege WR, Carlton WH, Gilbert MA. Nonetheless, the selected papers on thyroid cancer, which has a high level of radiation sensitivity [42], did not categorize dental diagnostic X-ray types, so this could not be examined. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. A dental x-ray is the common term for a dental radiograph. But according to the American Dental Association, it is recommended that your dental bite wing x-rays are updated every 12-18 months if you're a high risk patient for tooth decay, and every 2 -3 years if you're a low risk patient.What determines whether you're a high risk or low risk patient . If your dentist uses digital X-rays instead of developing them on film, your risks from radiation exposure are even lower. Like other forms of X-rays, dental radiographs work by sending a type of energy that is absorbed by solid objects but passes through less dense tissues, like your skin. "Understanding," is warmer. X-Ray is needed if you are feeling discomfort or pain in a particular area of your body and physicians mostly recommend x-ray when they cannot precisely pinpoint the symptoms for this pain. Ryan P, Lee MW, North B, McMichael AJ. A total of 2 158 studies, excluding duplicate studies, were found. Radiation exposure to critical organs in panoramic dental examination. Therefore, time adjustments are necessary when the patient's size deviates from the average adult. The PICO method for this systematic review was as follows. Effective Dose Exposures from Medical Examinations and Procedures3, 4, Effective Dose (Adults) When the images are ready instantly in the case of digital X-rays your dentist will review them and check for abnormalities. Shawna especially is helpful with whatever needs I have. In four of the five studies, there were significant correlations between dental diagnostic X-rays and thyroid cancer. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ". I wonder how many dentists get 12 oral x-rays every year, when the worst dental work they need is prophylaxis (cleaning) or maybe just one tooth decay at a dental appointment. Dentists use dental X-rays (radiographs) to diagnose dental disease or damage that is not visible on a clinical oral examination. Adopted 1982; Reviewed 2018, Inclusion of Radiographic Examinations in Dental Benefits (Trans.1991:634). Each treatment room should have a table of exposure factors to guide the operator in selecting the appropriate kVp, mA and time setting for each periapical and bite. Radiation shielding in dentistry: an update. JADA. The only thing youll want to do is brush your teeth before your appointment. 10 2.8k. Although radiation doses have been reduced due to the development of digital techniques, dental diagnostic X-ray imaging remains one of the most common types of radiological procedures that are frequently performed in dental clinics for oral examinations [1,2]. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. Hiraoka T, Miller RC, Gould MN, Kopecky KJ, Ezaki H, Takeichi N, et al. X-rays to check for growth and development are usually not indicated. American Dental Association September 1, 2014. One paper reported a negative association between full-mouth X-ray exposure and glioma. In addition to minimizing exposure to X-rays, provincial regulations require dental offices to follow certain procedures when taking images, such as placing lead aprons and neck collars for patients. We take a look at what works. Why Dental X-Rays Are Essential Before Getting Dentures In Woden, Understanding Dental X-Rays: A Guide From Your Borger Dentist, Enhancing Your Oral Health: The Importance Of Dental X-Rays From Ellsworth Dentists, Why Dental X-Rays Are Essential For Comprehensive Dental Treatment In Taylor, TX, San Antonio Dentist's Perspective On Dental X-Rays For Early Detection Of Oral Health Problems, The Journey Of Dental Implants And The Crucial Role Of Dental X-Rays In Schertz, TX. Last medically reviewed on February 22, 2023. Dental X-rays are typically performed yearly. First, unlike existing literature reviews, this study covered diverse health outcomes as well as meningioma. State laws and regulations set specific requirements for the use of ionizing radiation (which includes X-rays). Always great service no matter what the job is. Tania Demontigny 27/06/2023 2 minutes read. 8600 Rockville Pike For this reason, the recommendations are intended to serve as a resource for the practitioner and are not intended to be standards of care, nor requirements or regulations. Resolved, that the House of Delegates reconfirms that a diagnosis and treatment plan cannot be made from radiographs alone. Custom X-Ray is your leading partner for Diagnostic Imaging Equipment, Service, and Supplies. If your dentist finds problems, like cavities or tooth decay, theyll discuss your treatment options. Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County. 2012. These X-rays are used with low levels of radiation to capture images of the interior of your teeth and gums. There are several types of intraoral X-rays, each of which shows different aspects of teeth. The paper published in all languages were selected. First of all, you need to conduct deep research within your vicinity. The images are displayed on film or on the computer monitor (digital imaging) after the x-rays pass through an area of the body and are absorbed differently depending on the density of the structures. Oral cancer screening is an examination performed by a dentist or doctor to look for signs of cancer or precancerous conditions in your mouth. If a third party requests an image which was not generated as part of the dentists clinical treatment, dentists should consider the clinical necessity of the image in connection with the request. Seven papers reported a significant positive association and three presented a partially positive significant association, while eight had nonsignificant results. He is amazing! Is It Safe to Go to the Dentist During Pregnancy? Among twenty-one papers that reported a correlation between dental diagnostic X-rays and overall health, eighteen papers assessed a correlation with head and neck areas. Patients should be exposed to radiation only when clinically necessary, as determined by the treating dentist. Bae JM. American Dental Association Dental radiography after age 25 years, amalgam fillings and tumours of the central nervous system. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(6):685-95. Additionally, the office staff at Custom X-ray is always helpful. Studies have found that even low doses of radiation from any source may increase your risk for cancer, but the risk from a single dental X-ray is small. Clinical images should only be requested when they will be reviewed by a dentist to make a determination regarding the patients entitlement to benefits. Images received in an electronic form should be permanently deleted within 30 days of the completion of claims adjudication. Instead of developing X-ray film in a dark room, the X-rays are sent directly to a computer and can be viewed on screen, stored, or printed out. Third-party payers should not use images to infringe upon the professional judgment of the treating dentist or to interfere in any way with the dentist/patient relationship. Rodvall Y, Ahlbom A, Pershagen G, Nylander M, Spannare B. You may not be able to control your behavior immediately after getting your wisdom teeth removed. Nishi M, Miyake H. A case-control study of non-T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of children in Hokkaido, Japan. There is no doubt that DR and CR equipment can provide you with very accurate results, there is always a room for human and equipment error leading to the wrong diagnosis which can be troublesome. 3. If you are a new patient, your dentist may take X-rays as part of the initial exam and to establish a baseline record from which to compare changes that may occur over time. The dental records are based upon the universal dental numbering system and . We avoid using tertiary references. Do dental x-rays have a lot of radiation? Especially, panorama examination types are more commonly used than simple dental X-ray types, because panoramic diagnostic information coverage exceeds that of dental diagnostic X-rays [39]. It saves so much time compared to the traditional dental x-ray units. If there were no x-rays, many of these issues would remain undiagnosed. Dental technology: knocking at high tech's door. This is important because it can help the dentist determine if baby teeth need to be pulled to prevent complications, like adult teeth growing in behind baby teeth. American Dental Association. Show areas of decay that may not be visible with an oral exam, especially small areas of decay between teeth, Identify decay occurring beneath an existing filling, Determine if there is enough space in the mouth to fit all incoming teeth, Determine if primary teeth are being lost quickly enough to allow permanent teeth to come in properly, Reveal other developmental abnormalities, such as cysts and some types of tumors. As far as research design was concerned, four were casecontrol studies, while one was a cohort study. Using a dental X-ray refusal form allows patients to make an informed decision, and gives dental professionals a chance . Overview What are dental X-rays? Are frequent dental x-ray examinations associated with increased risk of vestibular schwannoma? We assessed the methodological quality of each study using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) [19] which uses a star rating system. Michalowicz BS, DiAngelis AJ, Novak MJ, et al. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. in Millisieverts (mSv). As it is necessary for a dentist to maintain accurate and complete records, third-party payers should accept copies of images in lieu of originals. Lin M-C, Lee C, Lin C, Wu Y, Wang H, Chen C, et al. Dental radiographs, commonly known as X-rays, are radiographs used to diagnose hidden dental structures, malignant or benign masses, bone loss, and cavities.. A radiographic image is formed by a controlled burst of X-ray radiation which penetrates oral structures at different levels, depending on varying anatomical densities, before striking the film or sensor. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6341170/, knowyourteeth.com/infobites/abc/article/?abc=X&iid=342&aid=1373, Why Teeth Shift After Dental Procedures and Over Time. Periapical X-ray. J Am Dent Assoc 1989;118(3):285-8, 91-4. Pregnancy is an exception to the rule. While X-rays are linked to a slightly increased risk of cancer, there is an extremely low risk of short-term side effects. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) has estimated that the mean effective radiation dose from all sources in the U.S. is 6.2 millisieverts (mSv) per year, with about half of this dose (i.e., 3.1 mSv) from natural sources (e.g., soil, radon) and about 3.1 mSv from man-made sources.5 About half of the man-made radiation exposure is related to computed tomographic (CT) scanning. ", U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Depending on your age, health, and insurance coverage, X-rays may be performed every 1 to 2 years. What is the difference between panoramic x-rays and full mouth x-rays? You should communicate the importance of x-rays for patients throughout their dental treatment. The evidence on dental X-ray safety for pregnant people is mixed. They are very responsive to questions and informative in their responses, technicians are on time, and they do good work. FOIA Dental X-rays can detect various abnormalities in your oral health, including early detection of dental issues that weren't found on a visual oral exam. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The full-mouth examination type increased the risk of brain tumors significantly in three of the four studies. Dentists also adhere to the "as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)" principle, as set forth in the 1973 International Commission on Radiologic Protection. Resolved, that the following guidelines pertain to third-party payers and dental benefit plan administrators: Does your dentist show you what s/he sees on your x-rays and point out the lesions and how they differ from healthy tooth . The FDA recommends that pregnant operators of dental X-rays wear a personal dosimeter to monitor radiation exposure levels, in addition to their normal protection gear and barrier. DON'T INSIST ON AN. Rushton V, Horner K. The use of panoramic radiology in dental practice. Smokers. 2. Ma H, Hill CK, Bernstein L, Ursin G. Low-dose medical radiation exposure and breast cancer risk in women under age 50 years overall and by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: results from a casecontrol and a casecase comparison. select X-rays for individual needs, not as a routine; use the fastest image receptor available; use cone-beam CT (CBCT) only when necessary; collimate the beam to the area of interest; Inspection and testing for the facility, X-ray machine, radiation monitoring equipment and radiograph processing equipment, Dental office design and radiation shielding. She specializes in a variety of health topics including mental health, dementia, celiac disease, and endometriosis. We assessed information provided by the reporting of casecontrols (n=19), cohort studies (n=1), and case studies (n=1). Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Additional costs incurred by the dentist in copying images and clinical records for claims determination that are not reimbursed by the third-party payer may be billed to the patient. Repeated exposure could also increase cancer risk [5]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and American Dental Association recommend that the frequency of dental X-rays should be decided on a case-by-case basis, based on the caries (tooth decay or cavity) risk assessment. For most women, there's very little risk from routine x-ray imaging such as mammography or dental x-rays. What Can Happen if the Diagnosis is Incorrect? When this alignment is not observed, a cone-cut occurs. Some of the best teeth whitening at-home options meet ADA acceptance for lightening surface and deeper stains. 1Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, 2Expert Group on Health Promotion for Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul, Korea, 3Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea, 4Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea. Images must be correctly identified and be of diagnostic quality. In addition, papers report inconsistent statistical significances on dental diagnostic X-ray exposure and health effects, depending on the subjects and research design; therefore, related studies should be systematically organized. State laws and regulations set specific requirements for the use of ionizing radiation, including X-rays. Have a look at some problems that one can face as a result of incorrect diagnosis: Even though you can always sue the medical staff, the doctor or the diagnostic lab if the diagnosis is wrong, it wont return the loss of health and time. An exploratory case-control study of brain tumors in adults. Resolved, that copies of these records should be retained by dentists as required by law. These studies were conducted in the following countries: the United States (n=12), Sweden (n=4), Taiwan (n=1), Australia (n=1), Kuwait (n=1), Japan (n=1), and Syria (n=1). This type of X-ray also provides information before surgical procedures, such as for a dental implant, and allows the . Detailed analyses according to age groups or exposure frequencies were performed in five studies examining the correlation between the full-mouth examination type and brain tumors. X-rays taken every 6 to 12 months until no decay is present, X-rays should be taken to check for development of, X-rays of areas where disease is seen in the mouth. During your dental X-ray, the technician will place a lead apron, and often a thyroid collar, on you. In a few studies examining health effects related to dental X-ray exposure, possibly increased risks of meningioma and thyroid cancer were suggested. The studies concluded that there was, therefore, no need for additional shielding.20, Radiographs in Diagnosis (Trans.1974:653). However, test results in some studies were expressed for more detailed categories such as age groups or frequencies of exposure and occurred either consistent which means that all test were significant or nonsignificant, or inconsistent which means that both coexisted. Can dental x rays be wrong? We service Arizona and the surrounding areas for x-ray equipment sales, installs and repairs. Radiation dosage is expressed as effective dose, a term applied to the weighted sum of doses to tissues that are sensitive to radiation. I cannot say this loudly enough: BUY THE PANORAMIC DENTAL UNIT. National Library of Medicine Accessed February 18, 2019. Dental X-rays are an important part of keeping healthy. Children. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies They're invisible. To perform the systematic review, We searched the PUBMED, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases for papers published before December 15, 2016. Some studies show an association between maternal dental X-rays and low birth weight, and other studies show no effect. Sources of Radiation. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Is there an alternative to dental x-rays? How To Determine If You Need A Dental X-ray Before Visiting A Dentist In New Jersey, The Benefits Of Dental X-Rays: Find The Best Dentist In Monroe For Your Needs, The Importance Of Dental X-Rays In Achieving Your Dream Smile With A Cosmetic Dentist In Sydney, Emergency Dentistry: How Dental X-Rays Can Help In Urgent Situations In Austin, TX, Why Do Emergency Tooth Extraction Procedures Need Dental X-Rays In London, Why Are Dental X-Rays Necessary In Fairview Before Doing Any Dental Procedures, Importance Of Visiting Pediatric Dentists In Gainesville, VA, For Your Child Dental X-Rays, What Is The Importance Of Dental X-Rays In Dentistry In Austin, TX, Why Are Dental X-Rays Required When Obtaining Dental Implants In Austin, Understanding Dental X-Rays: An Essential Guide For Patients In Round Rock, Texas. Repeated exposure could also increase cancer risk [ 5 ]. These X-rays indicate recommendations for treatment that your dentist may or may not make. Tooth Loss: Are You at Risk from Diabetes, Poor Dental Care, or Other Reasons? Claus EB, Calvocoressi L, Bondy ML, Schildkraut JM, Wiemels JL, Wrensch M. Dental xrays and risk of meningioma. Financial Loss: At first, you will be paying for the wrong x-ray report, then you will be paying for the wrong treatment based on that report. Adopted 2003; Amended 2012; Reviewed 2017, Guidelines on Capture and Use of Diagnostic Images by Dentists, and by Third-Party Payers or Administrators of Dental Benefit Programs (Trans.1995:617; 2007:419; 2016:284), Resolved, that the following guidelines pertain to dentists: In particular, thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancers in the worldwide, and the side effects from dental radiation exposure are likely to contribute to its incidence due to the location of the thyroid gland. X-rays are invisible beams of energy, a form of radiation. However, the survivors of the Hiroshima atomic bombings provide evidence of increased cancer risk from low doses of radiation [ 4 ]. I think the logic of comparing dental x-rays to ambient radiation is wrong because ambient radiation is not forcibly introduced into the body. The risk of leukemia significantly increased in accordance with dental diagnostic X-ray exposure. Understanding The Importance Of Dental X-Rays Before Getting A Dental Implant In Georgetown, Why Dental X-rays Are Crucial For Proper Braces Placement In Georgetown And Austin, X-Ray Imaging In Dripping Springs, TX: How Dentists Use It to Diagnose And Treat Oral Health Issues. This is a serious matter for the doctor. Antepartum dental radiography and infant low birth weight. "Dental Radiographic Examinations: Recommendations for Patient Selection and Limiting Radiation Exposure," which was updated in 2004, is available on the ADA website, giving patients leverage to refuse dental radiographs. Getting rid of old x-rays is never easy unless you call Custom X-ray! However, even with the advancements in safety, the effects of radiation are added together over a lifetime. Some types are better suited than others for what your dentist is assessing. The office is always so great about calling to schedule our service as well - Thanks to all of you from all of us at Animal Medical Center of Casa Grande!!! 8. The radiation protection program in your state may provide specific requirements for: Radiographic training requirements for dental office personnel frequently differ from and are less rigorous than those for medical personnel who take medical X-rays.

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