Dinesh Chandra Agrawal has more than 36 years of research experience in plant biotechnology of diverse species including medicinal plants and medicinal mushrooms. Maitake showed beneficial effects on MDS. [38] on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Only in nine cases were adverse events recorded, mainly digestive, such as nausea and diarrhea. [80] in a phase I two-center, dose-escalation clinical trial to work out the maximum tolerated dose when taken daily in divided doses for 6 weeks by women with breast cancer after standard chemotherapy and the recent completion of radiotherapy. Since it is also composed mainly of -glucans, its activities and mechanisms are similar to PSP, again demonstrated in vitro or in mice models. Mushrooms - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health [93] showed that lentinan-based chemoimmunotherapy seems to be a promising strategy for antitumor activity via enhancing the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells (CD3+ CD8+) and CD3+ CD56+ NKT cells, followed by the elevation of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines (IFN-, TNF-) and proinflammatory IL-12, which would then lead to a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance towards Th1. [29] on myeloid cells, involving mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages treated with lentinan with/without inflammasome triggers. Coriolus versicolor, commonly known as tunzhi in China or turkey tail, has always been used as a magic herb in Asian regions and particularly in China, where ancient formulations based on this mushroom have been and are still widely used to promote good health, strength, and longevity [10,11]. Ganopoly, administered at doses of 1800 mg/d three times daily for 12 weeks in 34 advanced lung cancer patients, also had positive effects on immunological functions, producing significant increases in plasma IL-2, IL-6, and IFN- concentrations, Cd56+, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responses, and NK activity, as well as significant decreases in IL-1 and TNF- [83]. At the end of treatment, there were consistent increases in neutrophils and the population ratios of CD3/CD4, CD4/CD8, CD8/CD3 (suppressor/cytotoxic), and CD3+/CD16+/CD56 NK cells, while lymphocytes and monocytes decreased. These were the results observed in subjects treated with 4 mg/d of lentinan for 12 weeks in relation to the total number of patients with NSCLC involved in the trial. The basics Nutrition Benefits Uses Culinary applications Bottom line White mushrooms are the most cultivated type of mushroom in the world ( 1 ). Pleuran has also been tested for the management of herpes simplex virus type I infection, as the typical remedy acyclovir can cause viral resistance if used for long periods. * Agaricus blazei contains several bioactive components which activate the immune system for a multitude of defensive functions [57]. The supplement administered (Mycotherapy Hericium) consisted of 80% bulk mycelium and 20% fruiting body extract. In contrast, for the factors pT (depth of tumor invasion) and venous invasion, no statistically significant differences were observed. Are Mushrooms Good for You? - Healthline The anti-cancer components of, Kim J., Kim H., Kim J.H., Kwon O., Son E., Lee C., Park Y. [66] published the results of a pilot randomized clinical trial with 48 breast cancer patients with cancer-related fatigue undergoing endocrine therapy receiving 1000 mg of G. lucidum spore powder three times a day for 4 weeks. Besides, significantly lower levels of TNF- and IL-6 were found in the serum. Overall survival was markedly improved in the PSK group, with a 3-year overall survival of 62.2% compared with 12.5% in the untreated group. Ooi V.E.C., Liu F. Immunomodulation as anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. From the mycelium of the medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes (Berk.) The AC ethanolic extract also showed marked antiproliferative activity in human T47D breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. It has to be said, however, that the increasing focus on these two attributes is resulting in more and more clinical investigative studies being carried out to prove them, albeit currently with the limitations mentioned above. Moreover, assessing the effect of lentinan on mice treated with Listeria monocytogenes or lipopolysaccharide as an AIM2 or non-canonical inflammasome-mediated model, the researchers found that the polysaccharide reduced IL-1 secretion due to activation of the Listeria-mediated AIM2 inflammasome, and also reduced endotoxin lethality by inhibiting the activation of the non-canonical inflammasome. A mushroom diet reduced the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and macrosomia: A randomized clinical trial. Mushrooms, which have always been appreciated for their culinary and nutritional value, are now increasingly valued for their many important medicinal properties, so much so that they are used not only as dietary food (functional foods) but also in the form of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and mycotherapy products [1,2]. ; writingreview and editing, G.V. Similarly, a synergistic action with the tumor drug paclitaxel on A549 cells was exerted by activation of the ASK1/p38 MAPK signaling pathway and, consequently, of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)-associated NLRP3 inflammasome (TXNIP-NLRP3) [28]. The oral administration of A. blazei induced a -glucan-specific response. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of A. bisporus biomass extracts from in vitro cultures were highlighted by Muszynska et al. [109], for example, conducted a double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 30 middle cognitive impairment patients, giving them four 250 mg tablets containing 96% mushroom powder or placebo three times a day for 16 weeks, continuing the follow-up for a further 4 weeks and performing assessments using a cognitive function scale based on the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS-R). In 2015, Tangen et al. Shiitake mushrooms have a rich, earthy flavor and a distinctive taste best described as meaty. Qul. [90], Antrodia Medicinal mushrooms are nutritional powerhouses with a myriad of health benefits including the following: Provide immune support* Full of antioxidants* Support a healthy inflammation response* Help to balance blood sugar* Support brain health and cognition* Support the nervous system* Increase energy and stamina* The Top 7 Medicinal Mushrooms Li I., Chang H., Lin C., Chen W., Lu T., Lee L., Chen Y., Chen Y.-P., Chen C., Lin D.P. Besides, essential amino acids, peptides, glycoproteins, nucleosides, triterpenoids, lectins, fatty acids, and their derivatives make this mushroom of considerable importance for its potential application as an antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant agent [53]. They offer savory flavor that reduces the need for added salt to keep your blood pressure low. Qul. Ishibashi K.-I., Motoi M., Liu Y., Miura N.N., Adachi Y., Ohno N. Effect of Oral Administration of Dried Royal Sun Agaricus, Ellertsen L.K., Hetland G. An extract of the medicinal mushroom. The action of lentinan is also expressed by interfering with cell cycles, as demonstrated in an in vitro study on rat C6 glioma cells [30]. Kajaba et al. Although to date it remains unknown what the main constituent of this product is, as only small amounts of -glucans have been detected in it, it seems that the results obtained in humans are due to the -glucan stimulation of Peyers patches in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), together with other less defined absorbable low-molecular-weight (LMW) substances, such as flavonoids [70]. The treatment of human BV2 microglial cells with LPS-induced inflammation resulted in reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, TNF-, and iNOS, the inhibition of NF-B expression, and the phosphorylation of IB (p-IB) proteins, as well as the inhibition of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and increased nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein. Frost M. Three popular medicinal mushroom supplements: A review of human clinical trials. Mushrooms bring a savory flavor to meals without adding much fat, calories or sodium. The metabolite also appears to enhance complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and complement-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity via the CR3 receptor, known to be triggered by iC3b in fungal cell walls [27]. Mushrooms are naturally low in sodium an entire cup of white button mushrooms has just five milligrams of sodium. They are rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals while being low in calories, fat, cholesterol, and sodium. No significant positive results were obtained by Klupp et al. Seventy-seven subjects affected by overweight or obesity and with one or more mood disorders were randomized to receive three capsules of an HE dietary supplement for two months daily and under a low-calorie diet regimen. Wang L., Huang C., Chen Y., Chen C., Chen C., Chuang C. Anti-inflammatory effect of erinacine C on NO production through down-regulation of NF-B and activation of Nrf2-mediated HO-1 in BV2 microglial cells treated with LPS. Blood samples and questionnaires were taken for 12 months. Lee K., Lee K.-F., Tung S., Huang W., Lee L., Chen W., Chen C., Teng C., Shen C., Hsieh M., et al. Thus, the spore powder exerted its anticancer and immunomodulatory effect without causing any serious adverse effects on individuals. The parameters assessed before and after treatment were serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and PSA doubling time, with a partial response rate evaluated as the primary outcome; hormonal status (represented by serum testosterone levels) and toxicity were also evaluated. For now, stick with standards of care like exercise, good nutrition, therapy, and antidepressants if they are suggested for mental health conditions. Based on previous studies that suggested PSK could improve the survival of cancer patients when combined with chemotherapy, presumably through immunological mechanisms such as the induction of cytokines, regulation of Th1/Th2 balance, and inhibition of immunosuppressive molecules, Akagi and Baba [76] set out to test this product on advanced gastric cancer patients. Ahn H., Jeon E., Kim J., Kang S., Yoon S., Ko H., Kim P., Lee G. Lentinan from shiitake selectively attenuates AIM2 and non-canonical inflammasome activation while inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. AC caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, thus inhibiting proliferation, and induced autophagy. PSK is a proteoglycan of about 100 kDa, with a polysaccharide-to-peptide balance of 4060%. This is also explained by the type of extract used, either because the extraction method influences the substances present or their activity, or because the concentration of a given metabolite in the extract cannot be ascertained. 8 [100] when they investigated the effectiveness of reishi in treating hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk components of metabolic syndrome through a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anticancer Activities of Mushrooms: A Neglected Source for Drug Xiao C., Wu Q., Xie Y., Zhang J., Tan J. Hypoglicemic effects of. In particular, concerning immunomodulatory action, it has been observed that this occurs through multiple mechanisms, such as the activation of cytotoxic T cells, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, NK cells, the TLR-4 pathway, and other immune cells, as well as their by-products TNF-, interleukins IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, and IL-6, and active nitrogen and oxygen intermediates [20]. This is especially the case in Asian countries, where mycotherapy has ancient and deep-rooted origins, while in Western areas, the application of mushrooms in medical therapies is still rather limited, especially in conventional medical institutions [5,20]. Anxiety and insomnia showed a decreasing trend, as well as the PSQI scores. ; V.F. An aqueous extract, particularly rich in polyphenols, of shiitake, was tested on human tumor cell lines of laryngeal carcinoma (Hep-2) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) for assessing its antiproliferative activity [32]. Many people also use mushrooms for medicinal purposes in dietary powders, liquids and supplements. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Medicinal mushroom bioactives: Potential sources for anti-cancer drug development. In the treated group, the CES-D and ICI scores after the HE intake were significantly lower than before; compared to the placebo group, the insensitive and palpitation terms of the ICI were significantly lower, and the terms concentration, irritating, and anxious tended to be lower. Health Benefits of Mushrooms - WebMD While many foods break down with stomach acid, the polysaccharides found in mushrooms pass through the stomach unchanged and can reach the colon to encourage bacteria growth there. Furthermore, in the P4H group, there were significant reductions in the frequency of flu and flu-like disease and the number of lower respiratory tract infections, as well as a statistically significant modulation of humoral and cellular immunity. Vitamin A 0%. The resulting anti-BG antibody production could be used as an index of the immune response to -glucan in humans. Top 7 Medicinal Mushrooms + Their Benefits - NANP coli, the bacterial peptide fMLP, and phorbol ester were used as ROS activators. Although this medicinal mushroom has traditionally been widely used in Taiwan for the treatment of various cancers, the results of this trial provide no evidence of its efficacy in improving the outcome of patients with advanced cancer. Thus, PSK can strengthen the bodys natural immune response. The study also reports a number of adverse effects in both samples, the most recurrent of which were gastrointestinal complaints, which were even more frequent in the AC group, albeit of a lesser severity, than in the control. In their RTC, 20 individuals with moderate untreated hyperlipidemia were randomly assigned to take either a soup containing 30 g dried oyster mushrooms or a tomato soup as a placebo daily for 3 weeks. [82] on 68 patients suffering from advanced lung cancer to assess whether G. lucidum had beneficial effects on the subjects quality of life. The Effect of Edible Mushroom on Health and Their Biochemistry - Hindawi [35] demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of PO by testing a mushroom concentrate in vitro on the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line and murine splenocytes, in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or concanavalin A (ConA), and in vivo on Balb/c mice with LPS-induced inflammation. To get the recommended daily amount, slice three mushrooms (or one portabella), expose them to sunlight for at least 15 minutes and enjoy. Compared to the control group, significant increases in overall quality of life and physical function were observed in treated individuals, as well as an equally significant improvement in emotional and functional well-being, state of depression and anxiety, emotional functioning, cognitive function, and symptoms like fatigue, sleep disturbance, and appetite loss. They have been used as ingredients [1] and medicinal materials for thousands of years, especially Ganoderma, which is believed to have health benefits [2]. Naturally derived anti-HIV polysaccharides peptide (PSP) triggers a toll-like receptor 4-dependent antiviral immune response. 6 Mushrooms That Act as Turbo-Shots for Your Immune System - Healthline [116] highlights the efficacy of pleuran in preventing morbidity in children due to recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs), while also outlining its complex immunomodulatory activity. erinaceus or lions mane or yamabushitake, and hericenones (C-H), benzyl alcohol derivatives extracted from the fruiting body. In two different trials with healthy individuals, the ingestion of this drug provoked a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines, and an increased shedding expression of the adhesion molecule CD62L (L-selectin) and decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS), both in monocytes and granulocytes [70]. Approximately 270 species of mushrooms have been reported as potentially useful for human health. Ahmed O.M., Ebaid H., El-Nahass S., Ragab M., Alhazza I.M. All evaluations revealed significant improvements in depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in the HE-treated group. Muszynska B., Grzywacz A., Kala K., Gdula-Argasinska J. Anti-Inflammatory Potential of In Vitro Cultures of the White Button Mushroom. were reported by Sarangi et al. Other studies followed in subsequent years, aimed at assessing the effects of ingesting P. ostreatus in the form of fresh, cooked, or dried mushrooms on conditions such as DMT2, dyslipidemia, hypertension, overweight, or obesity. An antiaging action of G. lucidum was shown in a recent study [26] by assaying the effects of ganoderic acid D on oxidative stress-induced stem cell senescence, using an H2O2-induced stem cell senescent model using human amniotic mesenchymal cells (hAMSCs) with a high expression of -galactosidase, a senescence-associated marker. Anti-tumor and immunomodulating effects of. More clinical trials are needed before lion's mane can be routinely recommended. The beneficial effects of Hericium erinaceus have been demonstrated in numerous clinical studies. Antioxidants Antioxidants help protect the body from damaging free radicals that can cause conditions like heart disease and cancer. They found that the resulting immunological effects were quite complex and varied according to the cell type and specific cytokine. It can activate downstream signaling pathways, such as MAPK-NFB and Syk-PKC, through binding to pattern recognition receptors such as TLR2/4/6/9 and Dectin-1, the complement receptor CD11b, and other membrane receptors, with the consequent activation of T cells, NK cells, and macrophages [28]. They compared two groups of subjects, one receiving only chemotherapy and the other immunochemotherapy with 3 g/day PSK for 19 months, in a total of 349 individuals. Capsules with sun-dried powdered mushroom (3 g/d; thrice daily amounts of 1 g) were administered for 3 months. National Library of Medicine In addition, the overall survival increased notably. A dose of 3 g/d of AHCC was given for 1 month to seven patients suffering pancreatic, lung, or colorectal adenocarcinoma. The medicinal potential innate in mushrooms was recognized early. Surprisingly, at the end of the treatment, reishi had not significantly influenced any of the aforementioned factors, thus not supporting the hypothesis of its possible use in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. During the preventive phase, the duration and severity of respiratory symptoms were lower. [110] wished to test the efficacy of this mushroom in the treatment of early Alzheimers disease. Approximately 600 species out of the total estimate of 14,000 mushroom species have medicinal properties (Singh, 2017). Modulatory Effects of Mushrooms on the Inflammatory - ScienceDirect Nutritional and Medicinal values of Mushrooms In book: Mushrooms: Production, consumption and Marketting Edition: I Chapter: Nutritional and Medicinal values of Mushrooms Publisher:. Mushrooms are a fungus, but that hasnt deterred most Americans from adding them to meals. MSD Manual. Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Top 5 health benefits of mushrooms | BBC Good Food This shows that PSP-mediated immunomodulatory action occurs via the TLR4 signalling pathway. and P. nebrodensis (Inzenga) Qul. Alonso E.N., Ferronato M.J., Gandini N.A., Fermento M.E., Obiol D.J., Lpez Romero A., Arvalo J., Villegas M.E., Facchinetti M.M., Curino A.C. Antitumoral effects of D-fraction from Grifola frondosa (Maitake) mushroom in breast cancer. An intake of 3 g/d (500mg/capsule) throughout six cycles of chemotherapeutic treatment resulted in increased levels of CD8+T cell lymphocytes, and in reduced side effects, such as nausea and vomiting. [56]. Structural Characterization and Immunobiological Activity of Cobalamin 0%. The mushrooms eaten by participants included golden, oyster, shiitake and white button mushrooms. Effects of Ganodermanondiol, a new melanogenesis inhibitor from the medicinal mushroom, Xu Y., Yuan H., Luo Y., Zhao Y., Xiao J. Ganoderic acid D protects human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells against. Iron: 6% of the DV. This study showed that the administration of a fungal extract for eight weeks increased interferon IFN- and IL-12, and a smaller increase in NK cell activity, while serum levels of Th2-type cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 and other cytokines remained unchanged. In addition to those already seen, there are also peptides (GLP from the water-soluble extract, perhaps the main agent responsible for the funguss alternative oxidase (AOX) activity), peptidoglycans (GLPP, capable of neutralizing ROS damage in rat macrophages; ganoderan C with hypoglycemic activity), polyphenols, ergostan sterols and ergosterol, alkaloids, fatty acids with tumor proliferation-inhibiting action, nucleotides and nucleosides with platelet aggregation effects, the -glucosidase inhibitor SKG-3, and laccase isoenzymes with antiviral properties [20,21].
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