(2023). Your email address will not be published. Evidence of RCT so far suggests that EMDR therapy is a useful tool in the treatment of specific phobias, like flight anxiety or dental phobia, whether or not related to PTSD symptoms (Doering et al., 2013; Triscari et al., 2015). EMDR can help you process upsetting memories, thoughts, and feelings related to the trauma. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a trauma-focused psychotherapy that is one of the most studied treatments for PTSD. Pain as consequence of a traumatic event has been hereby identified as a risk factor for the development of PTSD (Norman et al., 2008) and often PTSD and chronic pain are concomitant (Beckham et al., 1997; Beck and Clapp, 2011; Moeller-Bertram et al., 2012). Lee, C. W., & Cuijpers, P. (2013). This therapy is based on the theory that traumatic events aren . The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The overall aim was to assess the craving intensity for alcohol via the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) at pretreatment, post-treatment, and follow-up at 1 and 6 months. This PTSD 101 online course describes EMDR protocol, including strategies for shared decision-making. With, Arise: Guest Blog from Rai Reid Weve been proudly working with Rai Reid over the last year and in this inspiring guest blog post for PTSD UK, she shares her personal journey of healing from Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD UK Founder Awarded Scholarship for prestigious Traumatic Stress Studies Program PTSD UK is proud to announce that its Founder and CEO, Jacqui, has been awarded a scholarship for the prestigious Traumatic Stress Studies Certificate Program offered by the renowned, Navigating Trauma and Boundaries with Respect In every walk of life, its important to recognise and celebrate the uniqueness of people. What to ask a doctor Summary Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, or EMDR, is a technique that some psychotherapists use to treat people experiencing psychological distress. Lets take a closer look at this approach to working with C-PTSD and attachment trauma across the 8-phases of EMDR Therapy: It is important to help clients develop awareness of the parts that hold memories of early trauma. Goldstein A. J., de Beurs E., Chambless D. L., Wilson K. A. EMDR International Association Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(2), 80-90. experienced sexual abuse before age 12 (45%), Shared responsibility and less burden on individual therapists, Opportunity to learn from those with more clinical experience, Less drift away from the model, so more faithful to the protocols, Opportunity to experience a wider variety of patient presentations. EMDR therapy protocol for bipolar disorder, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy Scripted Protocols and Summary Sheets: Treating Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Mood-Related Conditions, A different kind of co-morbidity: understanding post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. No significant differences were detected between PE and EMDR therapy. Compared to the WL condition, patients in the EMDR group showed a significant improvement on the measures of severity of anxiety, panic disorder and agoraphobia (F = 9.91, p 0.01), but the authors did not find significant changes in panic attacks frequency (F = 1.3, p 0.05) nor in anxious cognitions (F = 2.69, p 0.05). Arielle. They react to situations in their own ways, and its no different, Untold: Konan Trapped in Trauma Sheds Light on Rising PTSD Cases among Young People PTSD UK were delighted to assist in the creation of a deeply moving Channel 4 documentary titled Untold: Konan Trapped in Trauma, where rapper, Thousands urge Prime Minister Rishi Sunak for better support for babies, young children, and parents. A patient could see 10-16 different therapists for treatment sessions in the course of their stay. Expert guidance for treating Veterans with PTSD. However, that doesnt mean its impossible to make progress. CBT has been demonstrated to be effective for a range of problems including depression, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Table of Contents show Can EMDR help with overeating? Effects of the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events on acute stress disorder: A case series. Watts, B. V., Schnurr, P. P., Mayo, L., Young-Xu, Y., Weeks, W. B., & Friedman, M. J. All subjects were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale before and after the treatment. Cusack, K., Jonas, D. E., Forneris, C. A., Wines, C., Sonis, J., Middleton, J. C., Feltner, C., Brownley, K. A., Olmsted, K. R., Greenblatt, A., Weil, A, & Gaynes, B. N. (2016). Write to: (2007). The high heterogeneity in number and duration of EMDR therapy sessions could have a negative effect on the results, so these must be taken cautiously (Hase et al., 2008, 2015; Kim et al., 2010; Behnammoghadam et al., 2015). Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder in bipolar disorder. However, at 3 months follow up, results did not remain significant. In depressive disorders, one study demonstrated the effectiveness of EMDR therapy compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, group therapy, and psychoeducation therapy (Hase et al., 2008). EMDR Therapy for Complex PTSD-Dr. Arielle Schwartz. In summary, EMDR therapy has demonstrated preliminary positive evidence in one RCT as a promising therapy to treat depressive symptoms in unipolar depression (Hase et al., 2015). Currently, this EMDR protocol is being tested vs. supportive therapy in a large multicenter RCT including bipolar patients with a history of traumatic events (Moreno-Alcazar et al., 2017). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a mental health treatment technique. EMDR is a methodology that has gained recognition in recent years amongst professionals in the psychology and hypnotherapy spaces. Forty patients with chronic back pain and psychological trauma were randomized to 10 sessions of EMDR therapy in addition to TAU or TAU alone. The primary outcome was its efficacy in pain reduction, measured by pain intensity, disability and treatment satisfaction. Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure, Ironson, B. Freund, J. L. Strauss, J. Williams. Schubert, S.J., Lee, C.W. The TAU arm consisted of individual psychodynamic psychotherapy, group therapy sessions and five group sessions of psychoeducation. By processing these experiences, you can get relief from PTSD symptoms. Effectiveness of EMDR in patients with substance use disorder and comorbid PTSD: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. This allows the memory to become integrated into the patient's larger memory system which enables reduction of PTSD symptoms (1). Therapists will learn how to provide an extended preparation phase to allow complex trauma clients to utilize EMDR treatment safely and provide interventions and skills training to help clients manage their emotional responses in therapy as well as in life. COMET was more effective in improving self-esteem than EMDR therapy (effect sizes of 1.25 vs. 0.46, respectively). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on Depression in Patients With Myocardial Infarction (MI). Once distress is alleviated and the more adaptive self-appraisal feels true to the patient, the therapist and patient can decide to move on to another target memory if PTSD symptoms persist. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed with the German Version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, symptoms of PTSD with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and dissociative symptoms with the German Version of Dissociative Experiences Scale. Verstrael, S., van der Wurff, P., & Vermetten, E. (2013). Alcohol and other substance use disorders. Sixteen patients were randomized to 3 weekly sessions of EMDR therapy, 90 min each, and 15 patients to a non-interventional WL. J Nerv Ment Dis. People have different preferences, likes, and dislikes. A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories. Chen L, Zhang G, Hu M, Liang X. The Adaptive Information Processing model considers symptoms of PTSD and other disorders (unless physically or chemically based) to result from past disturbing experiences that continue to cause distress because the memory was not adequately processed. I look forward to reading your book and following your blog. Registered Address (mail only): PTSD UK, 83 Princes Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2ER, 2023 The exact length of time will vary depending on the person and their individual needs. Working through complex trauma may be hard at first, but its worth being able to finally resolve it and its symptoms. The first subanalysis (de Bont et al., 2016) provided evidence, that the severity of paranoid thoughts assessed by GPTS, decreased in a significant way (PE t = 2.86, p = 0.005; EMDR t = 2.68, p = 0.008) and rates of remission for psychotic disorders increased for both treatment conditions in comparison to the WL arm (de Bont et al., 2016). Jericho, B., Luo, A., & Berle, D. (2022). Biol. Studies show that EMDR has a success rate of up to 80% in helping people with PTSD. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. In contrast, another preliminary study provided a comparable effect of EMDR therapy to PE (de Bont et al., 2013). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapyor talk therapyfor PTSD. For some, the first step may be watchful waiting, then exploring therapeutic options such as individual or group therapy but the main treatment options in the UK arepsychological treatments such as Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprogramming (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a trauma-focused psychotherapy that is one of the most studied treatments for PTSD. Due to the significant heterogeneity of the studies, a formal quantitative synthesis (i.e., meta-analysis) was not possible. Consider the following: Current and former combatants researched at a Veterans Affairs facility showed a 78% reduction in PTSD symptoms following 12 EMDR sessions. Psychological Medicine, 36,1515-1522. Raymond W. Gunter, Glen E. Bodner, How eye movements affect unpleasant memories: Support for a working-memory account, Behaviour Research and Therapy, Volume 46, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 913-931, ISSN 0005-7967,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.006. (2018). The process is repeated with current situations that trigger distress and with imagined situations the patient believes may cause distress in the future. Goldstein et al. Out of interest I raised this question with a handful of EMDR colleagues. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disabling psychiatric disorder that results from being exposed to real or threatened injury, death, and sexual assault. de Bont P. A., van den Berg D. P., van der Vleugel B. M., de Roos C., Mulder C. L., Becker E. S., et al. The final selection of the articles was carried out using the following criteria: (i) RCT published in peer-reviewed journals, (ii) in adult populations (over 18 years) that (iii) examined the use of EMDR therapy in different psychiatric disorders (as previously described). The American Psychological Association (APA) gave EMDR a conditional rating (14). I would need to invest in some new workout gear though. Often the trauma occurs during vulnerable times of development such as in early childhood or during adolescence. AV has performed the bibliographic search and has elaborated the first draft of the manuscript. Complex PTSD in children and young adults, PTSD in children: Information for teachers, PTSD and C-PTSD: The similarities and the differences. Patients rate their current distress level and emotional and physical sensations cued by the distress. Of 65 patients, 22 patients were randomized to cognitive behavioral therapy integrated with systematic desensitization (CBT-SD), 22 patients to CBT with EMDR therapy (CBT-EMDR) and 21 patients to CBT combined with virtual reality exposure (CBT-VRET). Was their therapy prior to arriving at Psyctrec EMDR or other modalities that do not have an evidence base for effectiveness? (2011). . They suffered no negative side effects and there were no drop outs. The participants were re-assessed at the end of this period and after a further 12 weeks of follow-up. In substance use disorders, EMDR therapy has been tested mainly in alcohol use disorders (Hase et al., 2008). He had been discharged from the Army due to his posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and was divorced with a 2-year-old son. 8600 Rockville Pike Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in subsyndromal bipolar patients with a history of traumatic events: a randomized, controlled pilot-study. They set up Psytrec, an inpatient PTSD clinic offering intensive treatments over two weeks (two lots of four days). [email protected]. Behnammoghadam M., Alamdari A. K., Behnammoghadam A., Darban F. (2015). (2017). Nor should we overlook the likely powerful effect of being in such an intense setting with an enthusiastic team that is led by a charismatic clinician. EMDR therapy is also becoming recognized as one of the most cost-effective treatments for PTSD. Clinical outcomes associated with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder among patients with bipolar disorder, Treating trauma in addiction with EMDR: a pilot study. EMDR is an individual therapy typically delivered one to two times per week for a total of 6-12 sessions, although some people benefit from fewer sessions. Quite regularly I receive inquiries from clinicians and prospective clients asking me if it is appropriate to use EMDR Therapy for complex PTSD and childhood trauma. My short answer is yes, EMDR Therapy is an incredibly valuable therapeutic for treating C-PTSD; however, this powerful modality typically requires careful modification to attend to dysregulated and dissociative symptoms that often accompany early developmental abuse or neglect. Results showed significant reductions in affective scores in favor of the EMDR group after treatment. Sometimes, a part can have resistance to doing trauma work and can try to sabotage the therapy work. Prevalence rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children after chronic illness (e.g. Treating ptsd in patients with psychosis: a within-group controlled feasibility study examining the efficacy and safety of evidence-based pe and EMDR protocols. No differences within all groups, except of advantage of EMDR in paranoid thoughts and PE in depressive symptoms. EMDR is a trauma-informed psychotherapy developed to reprocess trauma through neural network integration. Prolonged Exposure vs Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with a psychotic disorder: A randomized clinical trial. However, changes from baseline to 24 weeks follow-up did not reach statistical significance. Both treatments were also effective in reducing PTSD symptoms with no significant differences between them in terms of effect or safety. Another RCT has been performed in dental phobia (Doering et al., 2013). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Slotema, C. W., Wilhelmus, B., Arends, L.R., Franken, I. H. A. Doering S., Ohlmeier M. C., de Jongh A., Hofmann A., Bisping V. (2013). During this phase, the client focuses on the memory, while engaging in eye movements or other BLS. A breakthrough study by Anke Ehlers (2014) showed that treating patients once a day over two weeks was as effective as treating them weekly over three months. Bilateral saccadic eye movements and tactile stimulation, but not auditory stimulation, enhance memory retrieval. These results are clinically relevant considering that patients with a psychotic disorder frequently suffer from comorbid adverse events/PTSD which affects in a negative way the course of the illness. Although how it works is unclear, it's. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Rogers, S., Silver, S. M., Goss, J., Obenchain, J., Willis, A., & Whitney, R. L. (1999). To enter and activate the submenu links, hit the down arrow. (3rd ed.). EMDR is a growing evidence-based psychotherapy practice. Moreno-Alcazar A., Radua J., Landin-Romero R., Blanco L., Madre M., Reinares M., et al. This is more than walling-off emotions so that they cant hurt you. VP and FC have contributed in the improvement of the manuscript and BA had the idea of this work and revised the last version of this article. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy vs. supportive therapy in affective relapse prevention in bipolar patients with a history of trauma: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. In addition to getting a full history and conducting appropriate assessment, the therapist and client work together to identify targets for treatment. All participants demonstrated symptoms of complex PTSD. A structured therapy that encourages the patient to briefly focus on the trauma memory while simultaneously experiencing bilateral stimulation (typically eye movements), which is associated with a reduction in the vividness and emotion associated with the trauma memories. Useful new information is added to existing memory networks (i.e., learning), and extraneous material is discarded. visit VeteransCrisisLine.net for more resources. A multi-site single blind clinical study to compare the effects of prolonged exposure, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and waiting list on patients with a current diagnosis of psychosis and co morbid post traumatic stress disorder: study pro. Affective symptoms were assessed through the HAM-D (F = 23.86, p = 0.001) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) (F = 14.41, p = 0.004). In the assessment phase, the patient identifies a target image, often the most distressing image from a trauma memory, and a negative cognition about the self (e.g., "I am powerless," or "I can't trust anyone,") related to the target image. EMDR can help to treat subsyndromal mood beyond trauma symptoms in bipolar patients. Standard EMDR protocol for alcohol and substance dependence comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder: Four cases with 12-month follow-Up. EMDR partly effective but did not reduce panic attack frequency. EMDR, adaptive information processing, and case conceptualization. Do they stay in the nonclinical range six months after leaving the clinic? COMET>EMDR in self-esteem in anxiety disorders. Register now. 2015 Jun;203(6):443-51. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000306. The largest RCT of EMDR therapy in other psychiatric disorders has been performed in patients suffering from a psychotic disorder and a comorbid PTSD (van den Berg et al., 2015). Several studies have shown that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is incredibly effective for those suffering from PTSD, with some showing as much as a 77% success rate. 1 Given the ubiquitous nature of threatening or catastrophic trauma, PTSD is becoming more and more common. Please switch auto forms mode to off. (2013). The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Accelerated resolution therapy for PTSD ART helps alleviate post-traumatic stress symptoms. It may affect 10% of women and 5% of men at some stage . Figure 3: Psytrecs record of CPTSD patients treated 2015-2020 and resulting loss of diagnoses. That much trauma will take time to unpack and sort through. Mueser K. T., Gottlieb J. D., Xie H., Lu W., Yanos P. T., Rosenberg S. D., et al.. (2015). Within anxiety disorders, conflicting results were found in panic disorders with agoraphobia as it seems that EMDR therapy decreases severity of anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia but not panic attacks frequency and anxious cognitions. Meals were eaten together and in the evening there was a two-hour psychoeducation session. FOIA The views expressed in this publication are entirely the views of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Editor or EMDR UK. Regarding trauma symptoms, assessed by the CAPS and the Impact Event Scale (IES), results showed significant improvement in the EMDR group after treatment in both measures (CAPS F = 6.26, p = 0.03; IES F = 20.36, p = 0.001). After preparation and practice, the therapist will ask the person to recall the . Psychiatry. American Psychological Association (APA). The patients were typically people who had been in various forms of treatment for 15 years, with no significant improvement. EMDR therapy improved memories of stressful life events at onset of depressive episodes, emotional cognitive processing and long-term memory conceptual organization (Hase et al., 2008). Compared to pretreatment, PTSD scores showed a significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group (TAU+EMDR t = 4.22, p = 0.008; TAU t = 0.94, p = 0.38). An individual might have experienced chronic neglect, abuse, or exposure to domestic violence. However, the results do speak volumes. ( 2020) Intensive EMDR to treat patients with Complex Post traumatic Stress Disorder: A case Series. PLoS ONE 9(8): e103676. Research has shown that EMDR can be very effective, very quickly in treating PTSD and C-PTSD and the symptoms they bring. You can find out more in the links below, or here. J Trauma Stress. This post describes some of the most common modifications as related to the 8-phases that allow clients and clinicians to work together safely using EMDR Therapy for complex PSTD. Psychol Pharmacol Treat Adults With Posttraumatic Stress Disord [Internet]. In 2015, De Jongh collaborated with a colleague, Agnes Van Minnen who is an expert in providing exposure treatments. Summit Presentations with Dr. Arielle Schwartz, Businesses in Bloom Podcast-Dr. Arielle Schwartz, You can learn more about Complex PTSD here, You can learn how to create a Safe Place resource here, See more about Grounding and Containment resources here. Using different measures for diagnosing CPTSD, the study showed reductions in the diagnosis of 74-87% (Figure 2). Moreover, amazingly there was a very low dropout rate of only 3%, most of which were sporting accidents! The EMDR group showed significant differences in the depressive scores of the BDI before and after the EMDR therapy (27.26 6.41 and 11.76 3.71, p < 0.001). These consist of two pilot studies (Kim et al., 2010; de Bont et al., 2013) and one large RCT (van den Berg et al., 2015) with two further subanalysis (de Bont et al., 2016; Van Minnen et al., 2016). The authors found that TAU plus EMDR therapy was more effective than TAU by itself in reducing depressive symptoms [significant pre-post differences in SCL-90-R GSI score (p = 0.015) and in SCL-90-R Depression subscale score (p = 0.04)]. Connect to this post? According to AIP, humans process new experiences by connecting and integrating them with related emotions and information in existing memory networks. If you have comments or opinions about any of the articles you read here, please let us publish them. EMDR is based on the theory of Adaptive Information Processing (AIP; 1). In the case of an incomplete session, a second EMDR therapy session was added. Effectiveness of EMDR. The main aims of this study were to assess the efficacy of EMDR therapy in panic disorder and to analyze whether or not this correlates with the eye movements. Then the client reports whatever new thoughts have emerged. Rost, C., Hofmann, A., & Wheeler, K. (2009). Traumaticevents can be very difficult to come to terms with, but confronting and understanding your feelings and seeking professional help is often the only way of effectively treating PTSD. EMDR should always be delivered by properly trained therapists. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013,DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. The main limitation of this review is that RCT are scarce so far; however, as the use of EMDR therapy is increasing and gaining popularity, this systematic review is timely. You achieve successful treatment outcomes when you slowly build tolerance for the emotions and body sensations that accompany traumatic memories. Effects of the EMDR protocol for recent traumatic events on acute stress disorder: A case series. The treatment is conditionally recommended for the treatment of PTSD. Therefore, investigation in EMDR therapy has increased beyond PTSD and several studies have analyzed the effect of this therapy in other mental health conditions such as psychosis, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and chronic back pain. and transmitted securely. The patient is also introduced to bilateral stimulation such as eye movements or tapping which are used to help with trauma processing. Outcome criteria were PTSD symptoms, addiction symptoms, depression, anxiety, self-esteem [measured with Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory (SEI)] and alexithymia [assessed by Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS)]. And thats why for some people participating in additional counselling before, or alongside EMDR, will improve your chances of success. He said that therapists use Flashforward to process patients catastrophic fears of the treatment/trauma itself, and that is how they deal with the avoidance and defensiveness. What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? This can be accounted for early on, during the history-taking portion of the treatment. Both measures are used again during the treatment process, in accordance with the standardized procedures: The clinician asks, "When you think of the incident, how true do those words (repeat the positive cognition) feel to you now on a scale of 1-7, where 1 feels completely false and 7 feels totally true? Millan M. J., Ricca V., Oliver D., Kingdon J., Valmaggia L., McGuire P. (2017). These early experiences tend to shape the clients identity. All of these studies were published before the year 2000 and only one study included a full course of treatment (16). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The studies were selected by Alicia Valiente-Gmez and discrepancies were resolved by Ana Moreno-lcazar and Benedikt L. Amann. We provide an overview of trauma and PTSD and cite literature providing converging evidence of the therapeutic Likewise, other variables such as depression or anxiety symptoms were analyzed. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. In OCD or phobias studies we did not find this fact. Mean scores of BDI also resulted significantly different between both groups at the end of the study (experimental group 11.76 3.71 vs. control group 31.66 6.09, p < 0.001). It is also important to keep in mind that chronic trauma can also come from ongoing experiences of being bullied without protection, having an undiagnosed or unsupported disability, or being discriminated against without an advocate. Patients in both experimental groups, received five sessions over an average period of 3 weeks (one session of 120 min and four of 90 min). The therapy involved two sessions of 90-minute therapy, beginning with exposure therapy and then moving to EMDR. They had experienced multiple traumas leading to severe PTSD involving typically more than five memories of a Criterion A event. Carlson, J. G., Chemtob, C. M., Rusnak, K., Hedlund, N. L., & Muraoka, M. Y. (2008). Closure is used to end the session. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.006, Comparison of two treatments for traumatic stress: A community-based study of EMDR and prolonged exposure. European Journal Psychotraumatology Sept 16: 11(1). Dr. Schwartz is the author ofThe Complex PTSD Workbook: A Mind-Body Approach to Regaining Emotional Control and Becoming Whole. Trauma-focused psychotherapies for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Find out more about the different phases of EMDR treatment and how the sessions will differ as you progress. PMID: 9479674. This therapy consists of a standard protocol which includes eight phases and bilateral stimulation (usually horizontal saccadic eye movements) to desensitize the discomfort caused by traumatic memories and the aim of the therapy is to achieve their reprocessing and integration within the patient's standard biographical memories (Shapiro, 2005). One RCT so far has compared EMDR therapy with other psychotherapies to treat flight anxiety (Triscari et al., 2015). ANCOVAS test revealed that the EMDR group was superior to the EFER group on 2 out of 5 primary measures of anxiety, specifically in the Agoraphobia-Anticipated Panic-Coping Composite (F = 7.65, p = 0.009) and General Anxiety-Fear of Panic Composite (F = 5.28, p = 0.028), on secondary measures of depression (BDI F = 4.96, p = 0.033), and on social adjustment, measured by the Social Adjustment Scale, Self-Report (F = 5.96, p = 0.020). Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3(3), 192-197. Professor Ad de Jonghs presentation of the intensive therapy programme offered at Psytrec in The Netherlands raised many questions for Jessica Woolliscroft. In another secondary analysis with a subsample of 108 patients (Van Minnen et al., 2016), the authors evaluated the effectiveness of both trauma-focused treatment for patients with psychosis with and without the dissociative subtype of PTSD. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The criteria for exclusion were: (i) articles that did not contain original research (i.e., reviews and meta-analyses and (ii) quasi-experimental designs (single case and/or no control group).
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